Resolve pending commit links of MIL-005

Review record RC-027 (Go, autonomous mode, not independent).

Task: MIL-005#1
Task: MIL-005#2
Task: MIL-005#3
Task: MIL-005#4
Task: MIL-005#5

.gitattributes

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+*.py text eol=lf
+*.md text eol=lf
+*.toml text eol=lf
+*.csv text eol=lf
+*.png binary

docs/artifact-registry.md

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ document of a type. `Primary File` may contain a glob (e.g.
 | DCD | Design Class Diagram | docs/dcd.md | 002 |
 | DICT | Domain Dictionary | docs/dictionary.md | 002 |
 | ADR | Architecture Decision Record | docs/adr/adr-NNNN-*.md | 0004 |
-| RC | SQA Review Record | docs/sqa/reviews/rc-*.md | 024 |
+| RC | SQA Review Record | docs/sqa/reviews/rc-*.md | 028 |
 | TM | Traceability Matrix | docs/sqa/traceability-matrix.md | 002 |
 
 ## Languages

docs/sqa/reviews/rc-024-py-mil-002.md

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+# RC-024: Review of PY-MIL-002
+
+## Metadata
+| Key | Value |
+| --- | --- |
+| ID | RC-024 |
+| CrossReference | [PY-MIL-002], [QC-PY-001] |
+
+## Version History
+| Date | Status | Author | Reviewer | Change | Commit |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| 2026-10-14 | Accepted | Jens Tirsvad Nielsen | AI as stand-in for S01 | Initial version | [0195656] |
+
+---
+
+## Artifact Under Review
+
+- Instance reviewed: [PY-MIL-002]
+- Checklist used: [QC-PY-001]
+- Scope: full review
+- Language and domain: n/a (technical type)
+- Language reviewer: none
+- Mode: autonomous, not independent (reviewer is `AI as stand-in for S01`)
+
+## Checklist Results
+
+| # | Criterion | Status | Evidence/Notes |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| 1 | Packages, modules, functions, variables, classes and constants follow PEP 8 casing (`snake_case`, `PascalCase`, `UPPER_SNAKE`) | Pass | Modules, classes and functions use snake_case and PascalCase; ruff rule set N passes on `src`, `tests` and `tools`. |
+| 2 | Names state purpose in the domain's language; no unexplained abbreviations, no single-letter names outside tiny scopes | Pass | Names state purpose (`FlashCardView`, `language_text_id`, `generate_images`). |
+| 3 | Code is produced by the project's formatter and passes its linter with no unexplained suppressions | Pass | `ruff check` and `ruff format --check` pass with no suppressions. |
+| 4 | Every function and method signature is type-annotated, including `-> None` | Pass | Every signature is annotated; `mypy --strict` passes on 13 source files and on `tools/generate_images.py`. |
+| 5 | No bare `except:`, no swallowed exceptions; specific exceptions are raised and the cause is kept (`raise ... from`) | Pass | The only `except` is `tk.TclError` in the e2e fixture, used to skip when no display exists; none is bare or swallowed silently. |
+| 6 | No mutable default arguments and no shadowed builtins | Pass | No mutable defaults, no builtin shadowed. |
+| 7 | Files, locks and connections are managed with context managers | Pass | Files are written with `Path.write_bytes`; the Tk root is destroyed in the fixture teardown. |
+| 8 | Public modules, classes and functions have docstrings that say what, not how | Pass | Public modules, classes and functions have Doxygen docstrings; `doxygen Doxyfile` ends with 0 warnings. |
+| 9 | Logging uses `logging`, not `print`; no secrets or personal data in log output | Pass | No `print`; no logging is needed in a view. |
+| 10 | Classes and operations trace to the Design Class Diagram they implement; deviations are recorded | Pass | `FlashCardView` and `FlashCardViewModel` are classes of DCD-001 with the names and responsibilities given there; `create_application` is the composition root `app.main` of DCD-001. |
+| 11 | Tests exist for new behaviour, are named for the behaviour, and do not depend on order or the network | Pass | 18 tests: view model, image generator, application entry, and 5 e2e tests of the real window (not skipped on this machine); none uses the network. |
+| 12 | Type checker runs in strict mode without errors; `Any` is justified in a comment | Pass | `mypy --strict` reports no issue; no `Any`. |
+| 13 | Dependencies are declared and pinned in the project's dependency file, none unused | Pass | `dependencies` stays empty; the tool uses the standard library only. |
+| 14 | Each piece of knowledge (a business rule, constant, format, validation or query) is defined in one place; code is merged only where it expresses the same knowledge, not where it merely looks alike | Pass | Colours, sizes, fonts and file names come from `constants.py` once; the image generator reads sizes from it. |
+| 15 | Imports point inward: business-rule modules import no framework, database, UI or delivery-mechanism code, and there are no import cycles | Pass | `lint-imports` reports `Layers point inward` kept; the view model imports no Tkinter. |
+| 16 | SOLID holds: a class or module has one reason to change; new behaviour is added by extension, not by editing a type test in several places; subclasses honour the contract of their base; protocols are narrow; high-level code depends on protocols or abstract types and receives its implementations | Pass | The view only builds widgets; the texts come from the view model (single responsibility); nothing is switched on type. |
+| 17 | Source is laid out in the layers and folders of the clean architecture folder structure (`domain`, `application`, `infrastructure`, `presentation` packages under `src/`, and `unit`, `integration` and `e2e` under `tests/`), in `snake_case`, and imports between the layers point inward | Pass | `presentation/features/flash_card/` holds view and view model as the clean-architecture skill's default layout; tests are in `unit` and `e2e`. |
+| 18 | File and folder names are English, contain no space and no character outside letters, digits, `-`, `_` and `.`, and follow the casing of the language for files | Pass | File and folder names are English snake_case; no space. |
+
+## Overall Verdict
+
+Go — every Mandatory criterion passes. Reviewed by AI as stand-in for S01; not independent of the author.
+
+Milestone MIL-002 Go criteria: 1 title, colour and padding asserted by the e2e test; 2 canvas 800 x 526 with one image and two texts (Arial 40 italic, Arial 60 bold) asserted; 3 buttons use `wrong.png`/`right.png`, bd 0, grid row 1 columns 0 and 1 asserted; 4 the view model supplies the texts and its tests import no Tkinter; 5 this record; 6 `pytest` 18 passed. All Go. The generated card images were inspected by eye.
+
+## Action Items
+
+| Action | Owner | Due |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| none | - | - |
+
+---
+
+[PY-MIL-002]: ../../../src/flash_card/presentation
+[QC-PY-001]: ../../../framework/qc/code/qc-programming-python.md
+[0195656]: https://git.tirsystem.com/Tirsvad-Udemy-100-days-of-code/031-flash-card/commit/019565635df17077c937b9e54685cd3d7bdb1e3e

docs/sqa/reviews/rc-025-py-mil-003.md

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+# RC-025: Review of PY-MIL-003
+
+## Metadata
+| Key | Value |
+| --- | --- |
+| ID | RC-025 |
+| CrossReference | [PY-MIL-003], [QC-PY-001] |
+
+## Version History
+| Date | Status | Author | Reviewer | Change | Commit |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| 2026-10-14 | Accepted | Jens Tirsvad Nielsen | AI as stand-in for S01 | Initial version | [8d66c43] |
+
+---
+
+## Artifact Under Review
+
+- Instance reviewed: [PY-MIL-003]
+- Checklist used: [QC-PY-001]
+- Scope: full review
+- Language and domain: n/a (technical type)
+- Language reviewer: none
+- Mode: autonomous, not independent (reviewer is `AI as stand-in for S01`)
+
+## Checklist Results
+
+| # | Criterion | Status | Evidence/Notes |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| 1 | Packages, modules, functions, variables, classes and constants follow PEP 8 casing (`snake_case`, `PascalCase`, `UPPER_SNAKE`) | Pass | Packages, modules, classes and functions follow PEP 8 casing; ruff rule set N passes. |
+| 2 | Names state purpose in the domain's language; no unexplained abbreviations, no single-letter names outside tiny scopes | Pass | Names state purpose in the dictionary's IT terms (`Deck`, `Vocabulary`, `StudySession`, `CardDto`). |
+| 3 | Code is produced by the project's formatter and passes its linter with no unexplained suppressions | Pass | `ruff check` and `ruff format --check` pass on 43 files with no suppressions. |
+| 4 | Every function and method signature is type-annotated, including `-> None` | Pass | Every signature is annotated; `mypy --strict` passes on 31 source files. |
+| 5 | No bare `except:`, no swallowed exceptions; specific exceptions are raised and the cause is kept (`raise ... from`) | Pass | `read_word_list` raises `VocabularyNotFoundError` with `from` to keep the cause; no bare or swallowed exception; `Deck.remove` raises `ValueError` (not in OC-001, a deviation recorded here). |
+| 6 | No mutable default arguments and no shadowed builtins | Pass | No mutable default arguments; no builtin shadowed (`Card`, `Deck` do not shadow). |
+| 7 | Files, locks and connections are managed with context managers | Pass | The CSV file is opened with `with` in `read_word_list`. |
+| 8 | Public modules, classes and functions have docstrings that say what, not how | Pass | Public modules, classes and functions have Doxygen docstrings; `doxygen Doxyfile` ends with 0 warnings. |
+| 9 | Logging uses `logging`, not `print`; no secrets or personal data in log output | Pass | No `print`; `app.main` logs errors with `logging`; no personal data logged. |
+| 10 | Classes and operations trace to the Design Class Diagram they implement; deviations are recorded | Pass | Classes and operations are those of DCD-001 (`Card`, `LanguagePair`, `Vocabulary`, `Deck`, `StudySession`, `CardDto`, `CsvVocabularyRepository`, view and view model). Deviations: `Deck.remove` raises `ValueError` when the card is absent; `read_word_list` is a shared function behind both CSV repositories, as MIL-005 task 1 requires. |
+| 11 | Tests exist for new behaviour, are named for the behaviour, and do not depend on order or the network | Pass | 66 tests (unit by layer, integration on the real `data/ms-da.csv`, e2e on the real window) named for behaviour; none uses the network or depends on order. |
+| 12 | Type checker runs in strict mode without errors; `Any` is justified in a comment | Pass | `mypy --strict` reports no issue; no `Any`. |
+| 13 | Dependencies are declared and pinned in the project's dependency file, none unused | Pass | `dependencies` stays empty; `csv`, `random` and `pathlib` are standard library (ADR-0001). |
+| 14 | Each piece of knowledge (a business rule, constant, format, validation or query) is defined in one place; code is merged only where it expresses the same knowledge, not where it merely looks alike | Pass | The CSV format, encoding and delimiter are defined once in `constants.py` and `read_word_list`; the draw rule is only in `Deck.draw`. |
+| 15 | Imports point inward: business-rule modules import no framework, database, UI or delivery-mechanism code, and there are no import cycles | Pass | `lint-imports` reports `Layers point inward` kept; a grep finds no `tkinter`, `csv` or `random` import in `domain` or `application`. |
+| 16 | SOLID holds: a class or module has one reason to change; new behaviour is added by extension, not by editing a type test in several places; subclasses honour the contract of their base; protocols are narrow; high-level code depends on protocols or abstract types and receives its implementations | Pass | One reason to change per class; the choice function is injected into `StudySession` and `Deck.draw`, and the repository is a Protocol that the use case receives. |
+| 17 | Source is laid out in the layers and folders of the clean architecture folder structure (`domain`, `application`, `infrastructure`, `presentation` packages under `src/`, and `unit`, `integration` and `e2e` under `tests/`), in `snake_case`, and imports between the layers point inward | Pass | Source is in `domain`, `application`, `infrastructure`, `presentation` with the sub-folders of the clean-architecture skill; tests in `unit`, `integration`, `e2e`. |
+| 18 | File and folder names are English, contain no space and no character outside letters, digits, `-`, `_` and `.`, and follow the casing of the language for files | Pass | File and folder names are English snake_case, no space. |
+
+## Overall Verdict
+
+Go — every Mandatory criterion passes. Reviewed by AI as stand-in for S01; not independent of the author.
+
+Milestone MIL-003 Go criteria: 1 integration test reads 1000 cards, pair ms/da; 2 missing header, bad row and missing file raise `VocabularyFormatError`/`VocabularyNotFoundError` (unit tests); 3 a press shows a different card when two or more exist and the same when one (unit tests); 4 blank lines are ignored (unit test); 5 no `tkinter`, `csv` or `random` import in domain/application (grep, empty); 6 this record and `pytest` 66 passed. A manual smoke run on the real file showed a new word after a press. All Go.
+
+## Action Items
+
+| Action | Owner | Due |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| none | - | - |
+
+---
+
+[PY-MIL-003]: ../../../src/flash_card
+[QC-PY-001]: ../../../framework/qc/code/qc-programming-python.md
+[8d66c43]: https://git.tirsystem.com/Tirsvad-Udemy-100-days-of-code/031-flash-card/commit/8d66c43eea9673728e4f7497d7673498306e8b13

docs/sqa/reviews/rc-026-py-mil-004.md

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# RC-026: Review of PY-MIL-004
+
+## Metadata
+| Key | Value |
+| --- | --- |
+| ID | RC-026 |
+| CrossReference | [PY-MIL-004], [QC-PY-001] |
+
+## Version History
+| Date | Status | Author | Reviewer | Change | Commit |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| 2026-10-14 | Accepted | Jens Tirsvad Nielsen | AI as stand-in for S01 | Initial version | [02e0c2c] |
+
+---
+
+## Artifact Under Review
+
+- Instance reviewed: [PY-MIL-004]
+- Checklist used: [QC-PY-001]
+- Scope: full review
+- Language and domain: n/a (technical type)
+- Language reviewer: none
+- Mode: autonomous, not independent (reviewer is `AI as stand-in for S01`)
+
+## Checklist Results
+
+| # | Criterion | Status | Evidence/Notes |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| 1 | Packages, modules, functions, variables, classes and constants follow PEP 8 casing (`snake_case`, `PascalCase`, `UPPER_SNAKE`) | Pass | PEP 8 casing holds; ruff rule set N passes. |
+| 2 | Names state purpose in the domain's language; no unexplained abbreviations, no single-letter names outside tiny scopes | Pass | Names are the assignment's (`flip_card`, `flip_timer`, `next_card`) and the IT terms of the dictionary; `Side` states its purpose. |
+| 3 | Code is produced by the project's formatter and passes its linter with no unexplained suppressions | Pass | `ruff check` and `ruff format --check` pass with no suppressions. |
+| 4 | Every function and method signature is type-annotated, including `-> None` | Pass | Every signature is annotated; `mypy --strict` passes on 31 source files. |
+| 5 | No bare `except:`, no swallowed exceptions; specific exceptions are raised and the cause is kept (`raise ... from`) | Pass | No exception handling was added; none is bare. |
+| 6 | No mutable default arguments and no shadowed builtins | Pass | No mutable defaults, no builtin shadowed. |
+| 7 | Files, locks and connections are managed with context managers | Pass | No file or connection is opened in this change. |
+| 8 | Public modules, classes and functions have docstrings that say what, not how | Pass | New and changed members have Doxygen docstrings; `doxygen Doxyfile` ends with 0 warnings. |
+| 9 | Logging uses `logging`, not `print`; no secrets or personal data in log output | Pass | No `print`; no logging needed. |
+| 10 | Classes and operations trace to the Design Class Diagram they implement; deviations are recorded | Pass | `Side`, `flip_card`, `flip_timer` and the view's timer follow DCD-001 and SD-001 (`flip_card` row of Method Traceability, timer step of SSD-001). |
+| 11 | Tests exist for new behaviour, are named for the behaviour, and do not depend on order or the network | Pass | 76 tests: view model sides, finished state, flip rules; e2e front and back state, recording scheduler, real 50 ms timer; no network, no order dependency (state reset in each test). |
+| 12 | Type checker runs in strict mode without errors; `Any` is justified in a comment | Pass | `mypy --strict` reports no issue; no `Any`. |
+| 13 | Dependencies are declared and pinned in the project's dependency file, none unused | Pass | `dependencies` stays empty. |
+| 14 | Each piece of knowledge (a business rule, constant, format, validation or query) is defined in one place; code is merged only where it expresses the same knowledge, not where it merely looks alike | Pass | The side rule exists once in the view model; image and colour names come from `constants.py`; `_show_card` is the only place that draws a card. |
+| 15 | Imports point inward: business-rule modules import no framework, database, UI or delivery-mechanism code, and there are no import cycles | Pass | `lint-imports` reports `Layers point inward` kept; the view model imports no Tkinter. |
+| 16 | SOLID holds: a class or module has one reason to change; new behaviour is added by extension, not by editing a type test in several places; subclasses honour the contract of their base; protocols are narrow; high-level code depends on protocols or abstract types and receives its implementations | Pass | The view model holds the side rule and the view only draws; a new side would extend `Side` and `_show_card`. |
+| 17 | Source is laid out in the layers and folders of the clean architecture folder structure (`domain`, `application`, `infrastructure`, `presentation` packages under `src/`, and `unit`, `integration` and `e2e` under `tests/`), in `snake_case`, and imports between the layers point inward | Pass | Files stay in `presentation/features/flash_card/`; tests in `unit` and `e2e`. |
+| 18 | File and folder names are English, contain no space and no character outside letters, digits, `-`, `_` and `.`, and follow the casing of the language for files | Pass | Names follow the rule; no new file contains a space. |
+
+## Overall Verdict
+
+Go — every Mandatory criterion passes. Reviewed by AI as stand-in for S01; not independent of the author.
+
+Milestone MIL-004 Go criteria: 1 `flip_card` changes side, language name and text (unit test); 2 `next_card` returns to the front (unit test); 3 `after(3000, flip_card)` is scheduled and the earlier id is cancelled first (recording scheduler e2e test); 4 back image and white text, front image and black text (e2e); 5 `PhotoImage` objects are attributes created in `__init__`, none in a callback (grep); 6 this record, `pytest` 76 passed. A manual run with a 100 ms delay showed `Danish` and white text. All Go.
+
+## Action Items
+
+| Action | Owner | Due |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| none | - | - |
+
+---
+
+[PY-MIL-004]: ../../../src/flash_card/presentation
+[QC-PY-001]: ../../../framework/qc/code/qc-programming-python.md
+[02e0c2c]: https://git.tirsystem.com/Tirsvad-Udemy-100-days-of-code/031-flash-card/commit/02e0c2c55e2a62ca13e2dec9dbf3aa823cf16242

docs/sqa/reviews/rc-027-py-mil-005.md

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# RC-027: Review of PY-MIL-005
+
+## Metadata
+| Key | Value |
+| --- | --- |
+| ID | RC-027 |
+| CrossReference | [PY-MIL-005], [QC-PY-001] |
+
+## Version History
+| Date | Status | Author | Reviewer | Change | Commit |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| 2026-10-14 | Accepted | Jens Tirsvad Nielsen | AI as stand-in for S01 | Initial version | [8dbaaa3] |
+
+---
+
+## Artifact Under Review
+
+- Instance reviewed: [PY-MIL-005]
+- Checklist used: [QC-PY-001]
+- Scope: full review
+- Language and domain: n/a (technical type)
+- Language reviewer: none
+- Mode: autonomous, not independent (reviewer is `AI as stand-in for S01`)
+
+## Checklist Results
+
+| # | Criterion | Status | Evidence/Notes |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| 1 | Packages, modules, functions, variables, classes and constants follow PEP 8 casing (`snake_case`, `PascalCase`, `UPPER_SNAKE`) | Pass | PEP 8 casing holds; ruff rule set N passes. |
+| 2 | Names state purpose in the domain's language; no unexplained abbreviations, no single-letter names outside tiny scopes | Pass | Names are the dictionary's IT terms and the assignment's (`is_known`, `mark_known`, `ProgressRepository`). |
+| 3 | Code is produced by the project's formatter and passes its linter with no unexplained suppressions | Pass | `ruff check` and `ruff format --check` pass on 47 files with no suppressions; `[tool.ruff.format] line-ending = "lf"` and `.gitattributes` fix the line endings. |
+| 4 | Every function and method signature is type-annotated, including `-> None` | Pass | Every signature is annotated; `mypy --strict` passes on 33 source files. |
+| 5 | No bare `except:`, no swallowed exceptions; specific exceptions are raised and the cause is kept (`raise ... from`) | Pass | A malformed progress file raises `VocabularyFormatError` and is never overwritten; the temporary file is removed when a write fails (re-raise, no swallow); no bare `except`. |
+| 6 | No mutable default arguments and no shadowed builtins | Pass | No mutable defaults, no builtin shadowed. |
+| 7 | Files, locks and connections are managed with context managers | Pass | Reading uses `with`; the write goes through a temporary file that is replaced atomically. |
+| 8 | Public modules, classes and functions have docstrings that say what, not how | Pass | New and changed members have Doxygen docstrings; `doxygen Doxyfile` ends with 0 warnings. |
+| 9 | Logging uses `logging`, not `print`; no secrets or personal data in log output | Pass | No `print`; no secret or personal data is logged. |
+| 10 | Classes and operations trace to the Design Class Diagram they implement; deviations are recorded | Pass | `ProgressRepository`, `CsvProgressRepository`, `StudySession.mark_known` and `is_known` are in DCD-001 and OC-001 (`markKnown`); `open_study_session` takes no speech port until MIL-006, as DCD-001 shows for the final design. |
+| 11 | Tests exist for new behaviour, are named for the behaviour, and do not depend on order or the network | Pass | 107 tests (6 consecutive full runs all green) include the assignment's 3 record example, restart, round trip, finished state and e2e on the real window over `tmp_path`; none uses the network. |
+| 12 | Type checker runs in strict mode without errors; `Any` is justified in a comment | Pass | `mypy --strict` reports no issue; no `Any`. |
+| 13 | Dependencies are declared and pinned in the project's dependency file, none unused | Pass | `dependencies` stays empty. |
+| 14 | Each piece of knowledge (a business rule, constant, format, validation or query) is defined in one place; code is merged only where it expresses the same knowledge, not where it merely looks alike | Pass | Reader and writer share `CSV_DELIMITER`, `CSV_ENCODING` and the row width in `csv_word_list.py`; the removal rule is only in `Deck.remove`. |
+| 15 | Imports point inward: business-rule modules import no framework, database, UI or delivery-mechanism code, and there are no import cycles | Pass | `lint-imports` reports `Layers point inward` kept; the `ProgressRepository` Protocol is in `domain`, its adapter in `infrastructure`. |
+| 16 | SOLID holds: a class or module has one reason to change; new behaviour is added by extension, not by editing a type test in several places; subclasses honour the contract of their base; protocols are narrow; high-level code depends on protocols or abstract types and receives its implementations | Pass | The use case depends on the Protocol and receives the adapter; the view model sequences two session calls only. |
+| 17 | Source is laid out in the layers and folders of the clean architecture folder structure (`domain`, `application`, `infrastructure`, `presentation` packages under `src/`, and `unit`, `integration` and `e2e` under `tests/`), in `snake_case`, and imports between the layers point inward | Pass | New files are in the layer folders of the clean-architecture skill; tests in `unit`, `integration`, `e2e`. |
+| 18 | File and folder names are English, contain no space and no character outside letters, digits, `-`, `_` and `.`, and follow the casing of the language for files | Pass | File and folder names follow the rule. |
+
+## Overall Verdict
+
+Go — every Mandatory criterion passes. Reviewed by AI as stand-in for S01; not independent of the author.
+
+Milestone MIL-005 Go criteria: 1 the 3 record example leaves the other two cards in order with the header (integration test); 2 a start uses the progress file when it exists and the word list otherwise (integration test); 3 the wrong button never writes (unit and e2e); 4 the last card known gives a finished state (unit); 5 a malformed progress file raises `VocabularyFormatError` and stays untouched (unit); 6 round trip readable as a word list (integration); 7 this record, `pytest` 107 passed. A manual run on a copy of `ms-da.csv` removed the known word and wrote 999 cards. Defect found and fixed in this milestone: a flaky `TclError` caused by pytest's descriptor capture and Tcl file handles; the view now loads image bytes with `Path.read_bytes()` and `PhotoImage(data=...)`. All Go.
+
+## Action Items
+
+| Action | Owner | Due |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| none | - | - |
+
+---
+
+[PY-MIL-005]: ../../../src/flash_card
+[QC-PY-001]: ../../../framework/qc/code/qc-programming-python.md
+[8dbaaa3]: https://git.tirsystem.com/Tirsvad-Udemy-100-days-of-code/031-flash-card/commit/8dbaaa30595a3650bc85006a2188f81ab903125e

docs/sqa/traceability-matrix.md

@@ -46,6 +46,10 @@ updated whenever an artifact instance is created or reviewed.
 | MIL-006 | Milestone / Gateway | en | it | BC-001, PP-001 | tasks of MIL-006 | [RC-021] |
 | MIL-007 | Milestone / Gateway | en | it | BC-001, PP-001 | tasks of MIL-007 | [RC-022] |
 | PY-MIL-001 | Python Source Code | - | - | DCD-001, ADR-0002 | - | [RC-023] |
+| PY-MIL-002 | Python Source Code | - | - | DCD-001, ADR-0002 | - | [RC-024] |
+| PY-MIL-003 | Python Source Code | - | - | DCD-001, ADR-0002 | - | [RC-025] |
+| PY-MIL-004 | Python Source Code | - | - | DCD-001, ADR-0002 | - | [RC-026] |
+| PY-MIL-005 | Python Source Code | - | - | DCD-001, ADR-0002 | - | [RC-027] |
 
 ## Coverage Notes
 
@@ -102,3 +106,11 @@ updated whenever an artifact instance is created or reviewed.
 [RC-022]: ./reviews/rc-022-mil-007.md
 [RC-023]: ./reviews/rc-023-py-mil-001.md
 [c3fbcbc]: https://git.tirsystem.com/Tirsvad-Udemy-100-days-of-code/031-flash-card/commit/c3fbcbcfaf799e0ae34aed7e14d3bc8a62f03db3
+[RC-024]: ./reviews/rc-024-py-mil-002.md
+[PY-MIL-002]: ../../src/flash_card
+[RC-025]: ./reviews/rc-025-py-mil-003.md
+[PY-MIL-003]: ../../src/flash_card
+[RC-026]: ./reviews/rc-026-py-mil-004.md
+[PY-MIL-004]: ../../src/flash_card
+[RC-027]: ./reviews/rc-027-py-mil-005.md
+[PY-MIL-005]: ../../src/flash_card

pyproject.toml

@@ -45,6 +45,9 @@ line-length = 88
 target-version = "py313"
 src = ["src", "tests"]
 
+[tool.ruff.format]
+line-ending = "lf"
+
 [tool.ruff.lint]
 select = ["E", "F", "I", "UP", "B", "SIM", "N", "D"]
 ignore = ["D203", "D213"]

src/flash_card/application/dto/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""Application data transfer objects.
+
+@file __init__.py
+@brief Holds the plain data that crosses to the presentation layer.
+"""

src/flash_card/application/dto/card_dto.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+"""Card data for the presentation layer.
+
+@file card_dto.py
+@brief The CardDto: a card as plain text.
+"""
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
+class CardDto:
+    """A card as plain data."""
+
+    ## @brief Word on the card front.
+    front_text: str
+    ## @brief Translation on the card back.
+    back_text: str
+    ## @brief Language code of the front.
+    front_language: str
+    ## @brief Language code of the back.
+    back_language: str

src/flash_card/application/use_cases/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""Application use cases.
+
+@file __init__.py
+@brief Holds the use cases of the flash card program.
+"""

src/flash_card/application/use_cases/open_study_session.py

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+"""Start a study session.
+
+@file open_study_session.py
+@brief The open_study_session use case.
+"""
+
+from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
+
+from flash_card.application.use_cases.study_session import StudySession
+from flash_card.domain.entities.card import Card
+from flash_card.domain.entities.deck import Deck
+from flash_card.domain.repositories.progress_repository import ProgressRepository
+from flash_card.domain.repositories.vocabulary_repository import VocabularyRepository
+
+
+def open_study_session(
+    vocabulary_repository: VocabularyRepository,
+    progress_repository: ProgressRepository,
+    choose: Callable[[Sequence[Card]], Card],
+) -> StudySession:
+    """Build a session over the saved words to learn, else the whole word list.
+
+    @param vocabulary_repository Source of the delivered word list.
+    @param progress_repository Store of the words still to learn.
+    @param choose Picks one card from a non-empty sequence.
+    @return The new session.
+    @throws VocabularyError When the saved progress, or the word list when no
+        progress exists, cannot be loaded.
+    """
+    deck = progress_repository.load()
+    if deck is None:
+        deck = Deck.from_vocabulary(vocabulary_repository.load())
+    return StudySession(deck, choose, progress_repository)

src/flash_card/application/use_cases/study_session.py

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+"""One study session.
+
+@file study_session.py
+@brief The StudySession use case: draws the cards the user studies.
+"""
+
+from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
+
+from flash_card.application.dto.card_dto import CardDto
+from flash_card.domain.entities.card import Card
+from flash_card.domain.entities.deck import Deck
+from flash_card.domain.repositories.progress_repository import ProgressRepository
+
+
+class StudySession:
+    """Draws cards from a deck, one after another."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        deck: Deck,
+        choose: Callable[[Sequence[Card]], Card],
+        progress: ProgressRepository,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a session.
+
+        @param deck The cards still to learn.
+        @param choose Picks one card from a non-empty sequence.
+        @param progress Store of the words still to learn.
+        """
+        ## @brief Store of the words still to learn.
+        self._progress = progress
+        ## @brief The cards still to learn.
+        self._deck = deck
+        ## @brief Picks one card from a non-empty sequence.
+        self._choose = choose
+        ## @brief The card shown now, or None.
+        self._current: Card | None = None
+
+    @property
+    def current_card(self) -> CardDto | None:
+        """Return the card shown now.
+
+        @return The card, or None before the first draw or when none is left.
+        """
+        return self._to_dto(self._current)
+
+    @property
+    def remaining(self) -> int:
+        """Return the number of cards still to learn.
+
+        @return The card count.
+        """
+        return len(self._deck)
+
+    def next_card(self) -> CardDto | None:
+        """Draw the next card, different from the current one when possible.
+
+        @return The new card, or None when the deck is empty.
+        """
+        if self._deck.is_empty:
+            self._current = None
+            return None
+        self._current = self._deck.draw(self._choose, exclude=self._current)
+        return self._to_dto(self._current)
+
+    def mark_known(self) -> None:
+        """Remove the current card from the deck and save the remaining cards.
+
+        Does nothing and saves nothing when no card is shown.
+
+        @return Nothing.
+        """
+        if self._current is None:
+            return
+        self._deck.remove(self._current)
+        self._progress.save(self._deck)
+        self._current = None
+
+    def _to_dto(self, card: Card | None) -> CardDto | None:
+        """Map a card to its DTO.
+
+        @param card The card, or None.
+        @return The DTO, or None when there is no card.
+        """
+        if card is None:
+            return None
+        pair = self._deck.language_pair
+        return CardDto(card.front, card.back, pair.front_code, pair.back_code)

src/flash_card/constants.py

@@ -42,15 +42,11 @@ BACK_TEXT_COLOR: Final[str] = "white"
 LANGUAGE_NAMES: Final[Mapping[str, str]] = {"ms": "Malay", "da": "Danish"}
 ## @brief Message shown when no word is left to learn.
 FINISHED_MESSAGE: Final[str] = "Nothing left to learn"
-## @brief Language name shown before the first card.
-PLACEHOLDER_LANGUAGE_NAME: Final[str] = "Malay"
-## @brief Word shown before the first card.
-PLACEHOLDER_WORD: Final[str] = "kata"
 
 ## @brief Delimiter of the CSV files.
 CSV_DELIMITER: Final[str] = ";"
-## @brief Encoding of the CSV files.
+## @brief Encoding of the CSV files; drops a leading byte order mark.
-CSV_ENCODING: Final[str] = "utf-8"
+CSV_ENCODING: Final[str] = "utf-8-sig"
 ## @brief File name of the vocabulary.
 VOCABULARY_FILE_NAME: Final[str] = "ms-da.csv"
 ## @brief File name of the words still to learn.

src/flash_card/domain/entities/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""Domain entities.
+
+@file __init__.py
+@brief Holds the entities of the flash card program.
+"""

src/flash_card/domain/entities/card.py

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+"""A flash card.
+
+@file card.py
+@brief The Card entity: a word and its translation.
+"""
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
+class Card:
+    """A word and its translation."""
+
+    ## @brief The word in the front language.
+    front: str
+    ## @brief The translation in the back language.
+    back: str

src/flash_card/domain/entities/deck.py

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+"""The cards still to learn.
+
+@file deck.py
+@brief The Deck entity: holds cards, draws one and removes one.
+"""
+
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Sequence
+
+from flash_card.domain.entities.card import Card
+from flash_card.domain.entities.vocabulary import Vocabulary
+from flash_card.domain.errors.vocabulary_errors import EmptyDeckError
+from flash_card.domain.value_objects.language_pair import LanguagePair
+
+
+class Deck:
+    """The cards still to learn, of one language pair."""
+
+    def __init__(self, language_pair: LanguagePair, cards: Iterable[Card]) -> None:
+        """Create a deck.
+
+        @param language_pair The languages of the cards.
+        @param cards The cards of the deck.
+        """
+        ## @brief The languages of the cards.
+        self._language_pair = language_pair
+        ## @brief The cards still in the deck.
+        self._cards = list(cards)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_vocabulary(cls, vocabulary: Vocabulary) -> "Deck":
+        """Create a deck holding every card of a vocabulary.
+
+        @param vocabulary The delivered word list.
+        @return A new deck.
+        """
+        return cls(vocabulary.language_pair, vocabulary.cards)
+
+    @property
+    def language_pair(self) -> LanguagePair:
+        """Return the languages of the cards.
+
+        @return The language pair.
+        """
+        return self._language_pair
+
+    @property
+    def cards(self) -> tuple[Card, ...]:
+        """Return a copy of the cards.
+
+        @return The cards in deck order.
+        """
+        return tuple(self._cards)
+
+    @property
+    def is_empty(self) -> bool:
+        """Tell whether the deck has no card.
+
+        @return True when no card is left.
+        """
+        return not self._cards
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        """Return the number of cards.
+
+        @return The card count.
+        """
+        return len(self._cards)
+
+    def draw(
+        self,
+        choose: Callable[[Sequence[Card]], Card],
+        exclude: Card | None = None,
+    ) -> Card:
+        """Pick a card without removing it.
+
+        The pick avoids the excluded card when another card exists.
+
+        @param choose Picks one card from a non-empty sequence.
+        @param exclude A card to avoid, usually the one shown now.
+        @return The picked card.
+        @throws EmptyDeckError When the deck has no card.
+        """
+        if not self._cards:
+            raise EmptyDeckError("cannot draw from an empty deck")
+        others = [card for card in self._cards if card != exclude]
+        return choose(others or self._cards)
+
+    def remove(self, card: Card) -> None:
+        """Remove the first card equal to the given one.
+
+        @param card The card to remove.
+        @return Nothing.
+        @throws ValueError When the deck holds no such card.
+        """
+        self._cards.remove(card)

src/flash_card/domain/entities/vocabulary.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+"""The delivered word list.
+
+@file vocabulary.py
+@brief The Vocabulary entity: all cards of a language pair.
+"""
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from flash_card.domain.entities.card import Card
+from flash_card.domain.value_objects.language_pair import LanguagePair
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
+class Vocabulary:
+    """All cards of a language pair as delivered."""
+
+    ## @brief The languages of the cards.
+    language_pair: LanguagePair
+    ## @brief The cards in file order.
+    cards: tuple[Card, ...]

src/flash_card/domain/errors/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""Domain errors.
+
+@file __init__.py
+@brief Holds the errors the domain rules raise.
+"""

src/flash_card/domain/errors/vocabulary_errors.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+"""Errors of the vocabulary and the deck.
+
+@file vocabulary_errors.py
+@brief The VocabularyError hierarchy.
+"""
+
+
+class VocabularyError(Exception):
+    """Base of every error about the word list or the deck."""
+
+
+class VocabularyFormatError(VocabularyError):
+    """The word list is not in the expected format."""
+
+
+class VocabularyNotFoundError(VocabularyError):
+    """The word list does not exist."""
+
+
+class EmptyDeckError(VocabularyError):
+    """A card was drawn from a deck with no card."""

src/flash_card/domain/repositories/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""Domain repository ports.
+
+@file __init__.py
+@brief Holds the repository interfaces of the domain.
+"""

src/flash_card/domain/repositories/progress_repository.py

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+"""Port to the words still to learn.
+
+@file progress_repository.py
+@brief The ProgressRepository interface.
+"""
+
+from typing import Protocol
+
+from flash_card.domain.entities.deck import Deck
+
+
+class ProgressRepository(Protocol):
+    """Store of the words still to learn."""
+
+    def load(self) -> Deck | None:
+        """Load the saved words to learn.
+
+        @return The deck, or None when no progress was saved.
+        @throws VocabularyError When the saved progress is unusable.
+        """
+        ...
+
+    def save(self, deck: Deck) -> None:
+        """Save the words still to learn.
+
+        @param deck The cards still to learn.
+        @return Nothing.
+        """
+        ...

src/flash_card/domain/repositories/vocabulary_repository.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+"""Port to the delivered word list.
+
+@file vocabulary_repository.py
+@brief The VocabularyRepository interface.
+"""
+
+from typing import Protocol
+
+from flash_card.domain.entities.vocabulary import Vocabulary
+
+
+class VocabularyRepository(Protocol):
+    """Source of the delivered word list."""
+
+    def load(self) -> Vocabulary:
+        """Load the delivered word list.
+
+        @return The vocabulary.
+        @throws VocabularyError When the word list cannot be loaded.
+        """
+        ...

src/flash_card/domain/value_objects/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""Domain value objects.
+
+@file __init__.py
+@brief Holds the immutable value objects of the domain.
+"""

src/flash_card/domain/value_objects/language_pair.py

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+"""The two languages of a word list.
+
+@file language_pair.py
+@brief The LanguagePair value object.
+"""
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
+class LanguagePair:
+    """The language codes of the front and the back of the cards."""
+
+    ## @brief Language code of the card front.
+    front_code: str
+    ## @brief Language code of the card back.
+    back_code: str

src/flash_card/infrastructure/persistence/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""Persistence adapters.
+
+@file __init__.py
+@brief Holds the adapters that read and write files.
+"""

src/flash_card/infrastructure/persistence/csv_progress_repository.py

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+"""CSV implementation of the progress port.
+
+@file csv_progress_repository.py
+@brief The CsvProgressRepository adapter.
+"""
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from flash_card.domain.entities.deck import Deck
+from flash_card.infrastructure.persistence.csv_word_list import (
+    read_word_list,
+    write_word_list,
+)
+
+
+class CsvProgressRepository:
+    """Keeps the words still to learn in a CSV file."""
+
+    def __init__(self, path: Path) -> None:
+        """Create the repository.
+
+        @param path The words to learn file.
+        """
+        ## @brief The words to learn file.
+        self._path = path
+
+    def load(self) -> Deck | None:
+        """Load the saved words to learn.
+
+        @return The deck, possibly empty, or None when the file does not exist.
+        @throws VocabularyFormatError When the file is malformed; it is left as is.
+        """
+        if not self._path.exists():
+            return None
+        pair, cards = read_word_list(self._path)
+        return Deck(pair, cards)
+
+    def save(self, deck: Deck) -> None:
+        """Save the words still to learn.
+
+        @param deck The cards still to learn.
+        @return Nothing.
+        """
+        write_word_list(self._path, deck.language_pair, deck.cards)

src/flash_card/infrastructure/persistence/csv_vocabulary_repository.py

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+"""CSV implementation of the vocabulary port.
+
+@file csv_vocabulary_repository.py
+@brief The CsvVocabularyRepository adapter.
+"""
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from flash_card.domain.entities.vocabulary import Vocabulary
+from flash_card.domain.errors.vocabulary_errors import VocabularyFormatError
+from flash_card.infrastructure.persistence.csv_word_list import read_word_list
+
+
+class CsvVocabularyRepository:
+    """Loads the delivered word list from a CSV file."""
+
+    def __init__(self, path: Path) -> None:
+        """Create the repository.
+
+        @param path The word list file.
+        """
+        ## @brief The word list file.
+        self._path = path
+
+    def load(self) -> Vocabulary:
+        """Load the word list.
+
+        @return The vocabulary.
+        @throws VocabularyNotFoundError When the file does not exist.
+        @throws VocabularyFormatError When the file is malformed or has no card.
+        """
+        pair, cards = read_word_list(self._path)
+        if not cards:
+            raise VocabularyFormatError(f"{self._path}: word list has no card")
+        return Vocabulary(pair, cards)

src/flash_card/infrastructure/persistence/csv_word_list.py

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+"""Reading and writing of the word list CSV file.
+
+@file csv_word_list.py
+@brief Reads and writes a semicolon separated word list with a language code
+header; the format is defined once here.
+"""
+
+import csv
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from flash_card.constants import CSV_DELIMITER, CSV_ENCODING
+from flash_card.domain.entities.card import Card
+from flash_card.domain.errors.vocabulary_errors import (
+    VocabularyFormatError,
+    VocabularyNotFoundError,
+)
+from flash_card.domain.value_objects.language_pair import LanguagePair
+
+## @brief Number of cells in the header and in every card row.
+_CELLS_PER_ROW = 2
+
+
+def _format_error(path: Path, line: int, reason: str) -> VocabularyFormatError:
+    """Build a format error naming the file and line.
+
+    @param path The file read.
+    @param line The line number of the fault.
+    @param reason What is wrong.
+    @return The error to raise.
+    """
+    return VocabularyFormatError(f"{path}, line {line}: {reason}")
+
+
+def _parse_header(path: Path, line: int, row: list[str]) -> LanguagePair:
+    """Parse the header row.
+
+    @param path The file read.
+    @param line The line number of the row.
+    @param row The cells of the row.
+    @return The language pair.
+    @throws VocabularyFormatError When the header is not two codes.
+    """
+    cells = [cell.strip() for cell in row]
+    if len(cells) != _CELLS_PER_ROW or not all(cells):
+        raise _format_error(path, line, "header must hold two language codes")
+    return LanguagePair(cells[0], cells[1])
+
+
+def _parse_card(path: Path, line: int, row: list[str]) -> Card:
+    """Parse a card row.
+
+    @param path The file read.
+    @param line The line number of the row.
+    @param row The cells of the row.
+    @return The card.
+    @throws VocabularyFormatError When the row is not two cells.
+    """
+    if len(row) != _CELLS_PER_ROW:
+        raise _format_error(path, line, "row must hold exactly two cells")
+    return Card(row[0].strip(), row[1].strip())
+
+
+def read_word_list(path: Path) -> tuple[LanguagePair, tuple[Card, ...]]:
+    """Read a word list file.
+
+    @param path The CSV file: a header of two language codes, then one card a row.
+    @return The language pair and the cards in file order.
+    @throws VocabularyNotFoundError When the file does not exist.
+    @throws VocabularyFormatError When the file is empty or a row is malformed.
+    """
+    pair: LanguagePair | None = None
+    cards: list[Card] = []
+    try:
+        with path.open(encoding=CSV_ENCODING, newline="") as file:
+            reader = csv.reader(file, delimiter=CSV_DELIMITER)
+            for row in reader:
+                if not any(cell.strip() for cell in row):
+                    continue
+                if pair is None:
+                    pair = _parse_header(path, reader.line_num, row)
+                else:
+                    cards.append(_parse_card(path, reader.line_num, row))
+    except FileNotFoundError as error:
+        raise VocabularyNotFoundError(f"word list not found: {path}") from error
+    if pair is None:
+        raise _format_error(path, 1, "file is empty")
+    return pair, tuple(cards)
+
+
+def write_word_list(
+    path: Path, language_pair: LanguagePair, cards: Iterable[Card]
+) -> None:
+    """Write a word list file atomically.
+
+    The rows go to a temporary file in the same folder, which then replaces the
+    target, so a crash never leaves a half written file.
+
+    @param path The CSV file to create or replace.
+    @param language_pair The languages, written as the header row.
+    @param cards The cards, written one row each in the given order.
+    @return Nothing.
+    @throws OSError When the file cannot be written.
+    """
+    path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    temporary = path.with_name(path.name + ".tmp")
+    rows = [(language_pair.front_code, language_pair.back_code)]
+    rows.extend((card.front, card.back) for card in cards)
+    try:
+        with temporary.open("w", encoding=CSV_ENCODING, newline="") as file:
+            writer = csv.writer(file, delimiter=CSV_DELIMITER, lineterminator="\n")
+            writer.writerows(rows)
+        temporary.replace(path)
+    except BaseException:
+        temporary.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+        raise

src/flash_card/presentation/app.py

@@ -1,21 +1,78 @@
-"""Entry point of the flash card program.
+"""Entry point and composition root of the flash card program.
 
 @file app.py
-@brief Starts the program; the window arrives in MIL-002.
+@brief Creates the window, its view model and view, and runs the main loop.
 """
 
+import argparse
+import logging
+import random
+import tkinter as tk
 from collections.abc import Sequence
+from pathlib import Path
 from typing import NoReturn
 
+from flash_card.application.use_cases.open_study_session import open_study_session
+from flash_card.constants import (
+    DEFAULT_DATA_DIR,
+    PROGRESS_FILE_NAME,
+    VOCABULARY_FILE_NAME,
+)
+from flash_card.domain.errors.vocabulary_errors import VocabularyError
+from flash_card.infrastructure.persistence.csv_progress_repository import (
+    CsvProgressRepository,
+)
+from flash_card.infrastructure.persistence.csv_vocabulary_repository import (
+    CsvVocabularyRepository,
+)
+from flash_card.presentation.features.flash_card.flash_card_view import FlashCardView
+from flash_card.presentation.features.flash_card.flash_card_view_model import (
+    FlashCardViewModel,
+)
+
+## @brief Logger of the entry point.
+_logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def create_application(
+    data_dir: Path | None = None,
+) -> tuple[tk.Tk, FlashCardView]:
+    """Create the root window and the flash card view.
+
+    @param data_dir Folder of the data files, or None for the default folder.
+    @return The root window and the view built on it.
+    @throws VocabularyError When the word list or saved progress is unusable.
+    """
+    folder = DEFAULT_DATA_DIR if data_dir is None else data_dir
+    repository = CsvVocabularyRepository(folder / VOCABULARY_FILE_NAME)
+    progress = CsvProgressRepository(folder / PROGRESS_FILE_NAME)
+    session = open_study_session(repository, progress, random.choice)
+    view_model = FlashCardViewModel(session)
+    root = tk.Tk()
+    view = FlashCardView(root, view_model)
+    return root, view
+
 
 def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     """Run the program and return its exit code.
 
-    The window arrives in MIL-002; for now nothing happens.
+    @param argv Command line arguments, or None for those of the process.
-
+    @return The exit code, 0 on success and 1 when the word list is unusable.
-    @param argv Command line arguments, or None for none.
-    @return The exit code, 0 on success.
     """
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Flash card program.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--data-dir",
+        type=Path,
+        default=DEFAULT_DATA_DIR,
+        help="folder of the data files",
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+    try:
+        root, _view = create_application(args.data_dir)
+    except VocabularyError as error:
+        _logger.error("%s", error)
+        return 1
+    root.mainloop()
     return 0
 
 

src/flash_card/presentation/features/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Features of the presentation layer, one folder each."""

src/flash_card/presentation/features/flash_card/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""The flash card feature: its view and view model."""

src/flash_card/presentation/features/flash_card/flash_card_view.py

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+"""View of the flash card screen.
+
+@file flash_card_view.py
+@brief Builds the window of the wireframe: card canvas and two buttons.
+"""
+
+import tkinter as tk
+
+from flash_card.constants import (
+    ASSETS_DIR,
+    BACK_TEXT_COLOR,
+    BACKGROUND_COLOR,
+    CARD_BACK_IMAGE_NAME,
+    CARD_CENTER_X,
+    CARD_FRONT_IMAGE_NAME,
+    CARD_HEIGHT,
+    CARD_WIDTH,
+    FLIP_DELAY_MS,
+    FRONT_TEXT_COLOR,
+    LANGUAGE_FONT,
+    LANGUAGE_TEXT_Y,
+    RIGHT_IMAGE_NAME,
+    WINDOW_PADDING,
+    WINDOW_TITLE,
+    WORD_FONT,
+    WORD_TEXT_Y,
+    WRONG_IMAGE_NAME,
+)
+from flash_card.presentation.features.flash_card.flash_card_view_model import (
+    FlashCardViewModel,
+    Side,
+)
+
+
+def _load_image(root: tk.Tk, name: str) -> tk.PhotoImage:
+    """Load an asset image.
+
+    The bytes are read here and handed to Tk as data, so the image does not
+    depend on Tcl opening the file: Tcl keeps the standard handles it saw at
+    start, and a process that swaps them (pytest fd capture) makes the first
+    Tcl file open fail with an empty error.
+
+    @param root The Tk root window that owns the image.
+    @param name The file name in the assets folder.
+    @return The image; the caller must keep a reference.
+    """
+    return tk.PhotoImage(master=root, data=(ASSETS_DIR / name).read_bytes())
+
+
+class FlashCardView:
+    """The flash card window: a card and the wrong and right buttons."""
+
+    def __init__(self, root: tk.Tk, view_model: FlashCardViewModel) -> None:
+        """Build the window on a root.
+
+        @param root The Tk root window.
+        @param view_model The data to show.
+        """
+        ## @brief The Tk root window.
+        self._root = root
+        ## @brief The data source of the texts.
+        self._view_model = view_model
+        root.title(WINDOW_TITLE)
+        root.config(padx=WINDOW_PADDING, pady=WINDOW_PADDING, bg=BACKGROUND_COLOR)
+
+        # Kept as attributes: Tkinter drops an image nothing refers to.
+        ## @brief Card front image, kept so Tk does not drop it.
+        self._card_front_image = _load_image(root, CARD_FRONT_IMAGE_NAME)
+        ## @brief Card back image, kept so Tk does not drop it.
+        self._card_back_image = _load_image(root, CARD_BACK_IMAGE_NAME)
+        ## @brief Wrong button image, kept so Tk does not drop it.
+        self._wrong_image = _load_image(root, WRONG_IMAGE_NAME)
+        ## @brief Right button image, kept so Tk does not drop it.
+        self._right_image = _load_image(root, RIGHT_IMAGE_NAME)
+
+        ## @brief Canvas that draws the card.
+        self.canvas = tk.Canvas(
+            root,
+            width=CARD_WIDTH,
+            height=CARD_HEIGHT,
+            bg=BACKGROUND_COLOR,
+            highlightthickness=0,
+        )
+        ## @brief Canvas item id of the card image.
+        self.image_id = self.canvas.create_image(
+            CARD_CENTER_X, CARD_HEIGHT / 2, image=self._card_front_image
+        )
+        ## @brief Canvas item id of the language name text.
+        self.language_text_id = self.canvas.create_text(
+            CARD_CENTER_X,
+            LANGUAGE_TEXT_Y,
+            text=view_model.language_name,
+            font=LANGUAGE_FONT,
+            fill=FRONT_TEXT_COLOR,
+        )
+        ## @brief Canvas item id of the word text.
+        self.word_text_id = self.canvas.create_text(
+            CARD_CENTER_X,
+            WORD_TEXT_Y,
+            text=view_model.text,
+            font=WORD_FONT,
+            fill=FRONT_TEXT_COLOR,
+        )
+        self.canvas.grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=2)
+
+        ## @brief Button for a word the user does not know.
+        self.wrong_button = tk.Button(
+            root,
+            image=self._wrong_image,
+            highlightthickness=0,
+            bd=0,
+            command=self.next_card,
+        )
+        self.wrong_button.grid(row=1, column=0)
+        ## @brief Button for a word the user knows.
+        self.right_button = tk.Button(
+            root,
+            image=self._right_image,
+            highlightthickness=0,
+            bd=0,
+            command=self.is_known,
+        )
+        self.right_button.grid(row=1, column=1)
+
+        ## @brief Id of the pending flip timer, or None when none is pending.
+        self.flip_timer: str | None = None
+        self._start_flip_timer()
+
+    @property
+    def card_front_image(self) -> tk.PhotoImage:
+        """Return the card front image.
+
+        @return The image shown while the front side is up.
+        """
+        return self._card_front_image
+
+    @property
+    def card_back_image(self) -> tk.PhotoImage:
+        """Return the card back image.
+
+        @return The image shown while the back side is up.
+        """
+        return self._card_back_image
+
+    def next_card(self) -> None:
+        """Show the next card front and restart the flip timer.
+
+        @return Nothing.
+        """
+        self._cancel_flip_timer()
+        self._view_model.next_card()
+        self._show_card()
+        self._start_flip_timer()
+
+    def is_known(self) -> None:
+        """Mark the card as known, show the next card front, restart the timer.
+
+        @return Nothing.
+        """
+        self._cancel_flip_timer()
+        self._view_model.is_known()
+        self._show_card()
+        self._start_flip_timer()
+
+    def flip_card(self) -> None:
+        """Show the back of the current card.
+
+        @return Nothing.
+        """
+        self._cancel_flip_timer()
+        self._view_model.flip_card()
+        self._show_card()
+
+    def _cancel_flip_timer(self) -> None:
+        """Cancel the pending flip timer, if any.
+
+        @return Nothing.
+        """
+        if self.flip_timer is not None:
+            self._root.after_cancel(self.flip_timer)
+            self.flip_timer = None
+
+    def _start_flip_timer(self) -> None:
+        """Schedule the flip unless no card is left.
+
+        @return Nothing.
+        """
+        if not self._view_model.is_finished:
+            self.flip_timer = self._root.after(FLIP_DELAY_MS, self.flip_card)
+
+    def _show_card(self) -> None:
+        """Draw image and texts of the side the view model shows.
+
+        @return Nothing.
+        """
+        if self._view_model.side is Side.BACK:
+            image, color = self._card_back_image, BACK_TEXT_COLOR
+        else:
+            image, color = self._card_front_image, FRONT_TEXT_COLOR
+        self.canvas.itemconfig(self.image_id, image=image)
+        self.canvas.itemconfig(
+            self.language_text_id, text=self._view_model.language_name, fill=color
+        )
+        self.canvas.itemconfig(
+            self.word_text_id, text=self._view_model.text, fill=color
+        )

src/flash_card/presentation/features/flash_card/flash_card_view_model.py

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+"""View model of the flash card screen.
+
+@file flash_card_view_model.py
+@brief Exposes the texts shown on the card; free of any Tkinter import.
+"""
+
+import enum
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+
+from flash_card.application.dto.card_dto import CardDto
+from flash_card.application.use_cases.study_session import StudySession
+from flash_card.constants import FINISHED_MESSAGE, LANGUAGE_NAMES
+
+
+class Side(enum.Enum):
+    """The side of a card that is shown."""
+
+    ## @brief The front: the word to learn.
+    FRONT = enum.auto()
+    ## @brief The back: the translation.
+    BACK = enum.auto()
+
+
+class FlashCardViewModel:
+    """Data the flash card view shows."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        session: StudySession,
+        language_names: Mapping[str, str] = LANGUAGE_NAMES,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create the view model and draw the first card.
+
+        @param session The study session that supplies the cards.
+        @param language_names Display names by language code.
+        """
+        ## @brief The study session that supplies the cards.
+        self._session = session
+        ## @brief Display names by language code.
+        self._language_names = language_names
+        ## @brief The card shown now, or None when none is left.
+        self._card: CardDto | None = session.next_card()
+        ## @brief The side of the card shown.
+        self._side = Side.FRONT
+
+    @property
+    def is_finished(self) -> bool:
+        """Tell whether no card is left to show.
+
+        @return True when there is no card.
+        """
+        return self._card is None
+
+    @property
+    def side(self) -> Side:
+        """Return the side of the card shown.
+
+        @return FRONT or BACK; FRONT when no card is left.
+        """
+        return self._side
+
+    @property
+    def language_name(self) -> str:
+        """Return the language name shown on the card.
+
+        @return The display name of the language of the side shown, upper case
+            code when unknown, or an empty string when no card is left.
+        """
+        if self._card is None:
+            return ""
+        if self._side is Side.BACK:
+            code = self._card.back_language
+        else:
+            code = self._card.front_language
+        return self._language_names.get(code, code.upper())
+
+    @property
+    def text(self) -> str:
+        """Return the word shown on the card.
+
+        @return The text of the side shown, or the finished message when no
+            card is left.
+        """
+        if self._card is None:
+            return FINISHED_MESSAGE
+        if self._side is Side.BACK:
+            return self._card.back_text
+        return self._card.front_text
+
+    def next_card(self) -> None:
+        """Draw the next card and show its front; does nothing when finished.
+
+        @return Nothing.
+        """
+        if self._card is None:
+            return
+        self._card = self._session.next_card()
+        self._side = Side.FRONT
+
+    def is_known(self) -> None:
+        """Mark the card as known, save the progress and show the next card.
+
+        Does nothing when finished.
+
+        @return Nothing.
+        """
+        if self._card is None:
+            return
+        self._session.mark_known()
+        self._card = self._session.next_card()
+        self._side = Side.FRONT
+
+    def flip_card(self) -> None:
+        """Show the back of the card; does nothing when finished or flipped.
+
+        @return Nothing.
+        """
+        if self._card is not None:
+            self._side = Side.BACK

tests/e2e/test_flash_card_window.py

@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+"""End-to-end tests of the flash card window.
+
+@file test_flash_card_window.py
+@brief Builds the real window with Tk and checks it against the wireframe.
+"""
+
+import time
+import tkinter as tk
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator, Sequence
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
+
+from flash_card.application.use_cases.open_study_session import open_study_session
+from flash_card.application.use_cases.study_session import StudySession
+from flash_card.constants import (
+    BACK_TEXT_COLOR,
+    BACKGROUND_COLOR,
+    CARD_HEIGHT,
+    CARD_WIDTH,
+    FINISHED_MESSAGE,
+    FLIP_DELAY_MS,
+    FRONT_TEXT_COLOR,
+    LANGUAGE_FONT,
+    WINDOW_PADDING,
+    WINDOW_TITLE,
+    WORD_FONT,
+)
+from flash_card.domain.entities.card import Card
+from flash_card.domain.entities.deck import Deck
+from flash_card.domain.value_objects.language_pair import LanguagePair
+from flash_card.infrastructure.persistence.csv_progress_repository import (
+    CsvProgressRepository,
+)
+from flash_card.infrastructure.persistence.csv_vocabulary_repository import (
+    CsvVocabularyRepository,
+)
+from flash_card.presentation.features.flash_card import flash_card_view
+from flash_card.presentation.features.flash_card.flash_card_view import FlashCardView
+from flash_card.presentation.features.flash_card.flash_card_view_model import (
+    FlashCardViewModel,
+)
+
+CARDS = (Card("aku", "mig"), Card("kau", "du"), Card("ini", "denne"))
+
+
+def _first(cards: Sequence[Card]) -> Card:
+    return cards[0]
+
+
+class _MemoryProgress:
+    """Progress store that keeps nothing: the shared window never deletes cards."""
+
+    def load(self) -> Deck | None:
+        return None
+
+    def save(self, deck: Deck) -> None:
+        return None
+
+
+def _build_view(root: tk.Tk) -> FlashCardView:
+    deck = Deck(LanguagePair("ms", "da"), CARDS)
+    session = StudySession(deck, _first, _MemoryProgress())
+    return FlashCardView(root, FlashCardViewModel(session))
+
+
+def _shown(view: FlashCardView) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    return (
+        str(view.canvas.itemcget(view.language_text_id, "text")),
+        str(view.canvas.itemcget(view.word_text_id, "text")),
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+def window() -> Iterator[tuple[tk.Tk, FlashCardView]]:
+    # One Tk per module: a second interpreter right after destroying the
+    # first fails to find init.tcl on some Windows Python installs.
+    try:
+        root = tk.Tk()
+    except tk.TclError:
+        pytest.skip("no display available for Tk")
+    view = _build_view(root)
+    root.update_idletasks()
+    yield root, view
+    root.destroy()
+
+
+def test_window_has_title_background_and_padding(
+    window: tuple[tk.Tk, FlashCardView],
+) -> None:
+    root, _view = window
+    assert root.title() == WINDOW_TITLE
+    assert root.cget("bg") == BACKGROUND_COLOR
+    assert int(str(root.cget("padx"))) == WINDOW_PADDING
+    assert int(str(root.cget("pady"))) == WINDOW_PADDING
+
+
+def test_canvas_has_card_size_and_spans_two_columns(
+    window: tuple[tk.Tk, FlashCardView],
+) -> None:
+    _root, view = window
+    assert int(str(view.canvas.cget("width"))) == CARD_WIDTH
+    assert int(str(view.canvas.cget("height"))) == CARD_HEIGHT
+    info = view.canvas.grid_info()
+    assert (int(info["row"]), int(info["column"])) == (0, 0)
+    assert int(info["columnspan"]) == 2
+
+
+def test_canvas_holds_one_image_and_two_texts(
+    window: tuple[tk.Tk, FlashCardView],
+) -> None:
+    _root, view = window
+    types = [view.canvas.type(item) for item in view.canvas.find_all()]
+    assert types.count("image") == 1
+    assert types.count("text") == 2
+    assert len(types) == 3
+
+
+def test_texts_show_first_card_with_font_and_colour(
+    window: tuple[tk.Tk, FlashCardView],
+) -> None:
+    _root, view = window
+    canvas = view.canvas
+    expected = [
+        (view.language_text_id, "Malay", LANGUAGE_FONT),
+        (view.word_text_id, "aku", WORD_FONT),
+    ]
+    for item, text, font in expected:
+        assert canvas.itemcget(item, "text") == text
+        assert canvas.itemcget(item, "fill") == FRONT_TEXT_COLOR
+        family, size, style = font
+        assert canvas.itemcget(item, "font").split() == [family, str(size), style]
+
+
+def test_buttons_sit_in_row_one_with_their_images(
+    window: tuple[tk.Tk, FlashCardView],
+) -> None:
+    _root, view = window
+    wrong = view.wrong_button.grid_info()
+    right = view.right_button.grid_info()
+    assert (int(wrong["row"]), int(wrong["column"])) == (1, 0)
+    assert (int(right["row"]), int(right["column"])) == (1, 1)
+    wrong_image = str(view.wrong_button.cget("image"))
+    right_image = str(view.right_button.cget("image"))
+    assert wrong_image
+    assert right_image
+    assert wrong_image != right_image
+    assert str(view.wrong_button.cget("command"))
+    assert str(view.right_button.cget("command"))
+
+
+def test_wrong_button_press_shows_next_card(
+    window: tuple[tk.Tk, FlashCardView],
+) -> None:
+    _root, view = window
+    assert _shown(view) == ("Malay", "aku")
+    view.wrong_button.invoke()
+    assert _shown(view) == ("Malay", "kau")
+    view.wrong_button.invoke()
+    assert _shown(view) == ("Malay", "aku")
+
+
+def _word(view: FlashCardView) -> str:
+    return _shown(view)[1]
+
+
+def _image(view: FlashCardView) -> str:
+    return str(view.canvas.itemcget(view.image_id, "image"))
+
+
+def _fill(view: FlashCardView) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    return (
+        str(view.canvas.itemcget(view.language_text_id, "fill")),
+        str(view.canvas.itemcget(view.word_text_id, "fill")),
+    )
+
+
+def _reset(root: tk.Tk, view: FlashCardView) -> None:
+    """Show a fresh front with no pending timer."""
+    view.next_card()
+    if view.flip_timer is not None:
+        root.after_cancel(view.flip_timer)
+        view.flip_timer = None
+
+
+def test_front_state_uses_front_image_black_text_and_front_language(
+    window: tuple[tk.Tk, FlashCardView],
+) -> None:
+    root, view = window
+    _reset(root, view)
+    assert _image(view) == str(view.card_front_image)
+    assert _fill(view) == (FRONT_TEXT_COLOR, FRONT_TEXT_COLOR)
+    assert _shown(view)[0] == "Malay"
+    assert _word(view) in {card.front for card in CARDS}
+
+
+def test_flip_card_shows_back_image_white_text_and_translation(
+    window: tuple[tk.Tk, FlashCardView],
+) -> None:
+    root, view = window
+    _reset(root, view)
+    front = _word(view)
+    view.flip_card()
+    translations = {card.front: card.back for card in CARDS}
+    assert _image(view) == str(view.card_back_image)
+    assert _image(view) != str(view.card_front_image)
+    assert _fill(view) == (BACK_TEXT_COLOR, BACK_TEXT_COLOR)
+    assert _shown(view) == ("Danish", translations[front])
+    assert view.flip_timer is None
+
+
+def test_next_card_after_flip_shows_front_again(
+    window: tuple[tk.Tk, FlashCardView],
+) -> None:
+    root, view = window
+    _reset(root, view)
+    view.flip_card()
+    view.wrong_button.invoke()
+    assert _image(view) == str(view.card_front_image)
+    assert _fill(view) == (FRONT_TEXT_COLOR, FRONT_TEXT_COLOR)
+    assert _shown(view)[0] == "Malay"
+    _reset(root, view)
+
+
+def test_next_card_cancels_pending_timer_and_schedules_flip(
+    window: tuple[tk.Tk, FlashCardView],
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    root, view = window
+    _reset(root, view)
+    calls: list[tuple[str, object]] = []
+
+    def fake_after(delay: int, callback: Callable[[], None]) -> str:
+        calls.append(("after", (delay, callback)))
+        return "timer-id"
+
+    def fake_cancel(timer_id: str) -> None:
+        calls.append(("cancel", timer_id))
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(root, "after", fake_after, raising=False)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(root, "after_cancel", fake_cancel, raising=False)
+    view.flip_timer = "old-id"
+    view.next_card()
+    assert calls == [
+        ("cancel", "old-id"),
+        ("after", (FLIP_DELAY_MS, view.flip_card)),
+    ]
+    assert view.flip_timer == "timer-id"
+    view.flip_timer = None
+
+
+def test_real_timer_flips_card_after_delay(
+    window: tuple[tk.Tk, FlashCardView],
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    root, view = window
+    monkeypatch.setattr(flash_card_view, "FLIP_DELAY_MS", 50)
+    view.next_card()
+    assert _image(view) == str(view.card_front_image)
+    deadline = time.monotonic() + 2
+    while view.flip_timer is not None and time.monotonic() < deadline:
+        root.update()
+        time.sleep(0.005)
+    assert view.flip_timer is None
+    assert _image(view) == str(view.card_back_image)
+    assert _shown(view)[0] == "Danish"
+    _reset(root, view)
+
+
+HEADER_ONLY = "ms;da\n"
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def files_view(
+    window: tuple[tk.Tk, FlashCardView], tmp_path: Path
+) -> Iterator[tuple[FlashCardView, Path]]:
+    """A second view on the shared root, over real repositories in tmp_path."""
+    root, _shared = window
+    words = tmp_path / "words.csv"
+    words.write_text("ms;da\naku;mig\nkau;du\nini;denne\n", encoding="utf-8")
+    progress = tmp_path / "words_to_learn.csv"
+    session = open_study_session(
+        CsvVocabularyRepository(words), CsvProgressRepository(progress), _first
+    )
+    view = FlashCardView(root, FlashCardViewModel(session))
+    yield view, progress
+    if view.flip_timer is not None:
+        root.after_cancel(view.flip_timer)
+    for widget in (view.canvas, view.wrong_button, view.right_button):
+        widget.destroy()
+
+
+def _saved(progress: Path) -> str:
+    return progress.read_bytes().decode("utf-8-sig")
+
+
+def test_right_button_removes_card_and_writes_progress_file(
+    files_view: tuple[FlashCardView, Path],
+) -> None:
+    view, progress = files_view
+    assert _shown(view) == ("Malay", "aku")
+    view.right_button.invoke()
+    assert _shown(view) == ("Malay", "kau")
+    assert _saved(progress) == "ms;da\nkau;du\nini;denne\n"
+
+
+def test_wrong_button_shows_next_card_and_leaves_progress_file_absent(
+    files_view: tuple[FlashCardView, Path],
+) -> None:
+    view, progress = files_view
+    view.wrong_button.invoke()
+    assert _shown(view) == ("Malay", "kau")
+    assert not progress.exists()
+
+
+def test_buttons_do_nothing_visible_when_finished(
+    files_view: tuple[FlashCardView, Path],
+) -> None:
+    view, progress = files_view
+    for _ in range(3):
+        view.right_button.invoke()
+    assert _shown(view) == ("", FINISHED_MESSAGE)
+    assert view.flip_timer is None
+    assert _saved(progress) == HEADER_ONLY
+    view.right_button.invoke()
+    view.wrong_button.invoke()
+    assert _shown(view) == ("", FINISHED_MESSAGE)
+    assert view.flip_timer is None
+    assert _saved(progress) == HEADER_ONLY

tests/integration/test_progress_file.py

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+"""Integration tests of saving and resuming progress over real CSV files."""
+
+from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from flash_card.application.use_cases.open_study_session import open_study_session
+from flash_card.application.use_cases.study_session import StudySession
+from flash_card.domain.entities.card import Card
+from flash_card.infrastructure.persistence.csv_progress_repository import (
+    CsvProgressRepository,
+)
+from flash_card.infrastructure.persistence.csv_vocabulary_repository import (
+    CsvVocabularyRepository,
+)
+
+WORDS = "fr;en\nchaque;each\nparlé;speak\narrivé;come\n"
+
+Choose = Callable[[Sequence[Card]], Card]
+
+
+def _first(cards: Sequence[Card]) -> Card:
+    return cards[0]
+
+
+def _choose_front(front: str) -> Choose:
+    def choose(cards: Sequence[Card]) -> Card:
+        return next(card for card in cards if card.front == front)
+
+    return choose
+
+
+def _open(folder: Path, choose: Choose = _first) -> StudySession:
+    return open_study_session(
+        CsvVocabularyRepository(folder / "words.csv"),
+        CsvProgressRepository(folder / "words_to_learn.csv"),
+        choose,
+    )
+
+
+def _setup(folder: Path) -> Path:
+    (folder / "words.csv").write_text(WORDS, encoding="utf-8")
+    return folder / "words_to_learn.csv"
+
+
+def _text(path: Path) -> str:
+    return path.read_bytes().decode("utf-8-sig")
+
+
+def test_mark_known_writes_remaining_cards_in_order(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    progress = _setup(tmp_path)
+    session = _open(tmp_path, _choose_front("parlé"))
+    session.next_card()
+    session.mark_known()
+    assert _text(progress) == "fr;en\nchaque;each\narrivé;come\n"
+
+
+def test_restart_draws_only_from_progress_file(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    _setup(tmp_path)
+    first = _open(tmp_path, _choose_front("parlé"))
+    first.next_card()
+    first.mark_known()
+
+    second = _open(tmp_path)
+    fronts: set[str] = set()
+    for _ in range(6):
+        card = second.next_card()
+        assert card is not None
+        fronts.add(card.front_text)
+
+    assert second.remaining == 2
+    assert fronts == {"chaque", "arrivé"}
+
+
+def test_progress_file_is_readable_as_vocabulary(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    progress = _setup(tmp_path)
+    session = _open(tmp_path, _choose_front("chaque"))
+    session.next_card()
+    session.mark_known()
+    vocabulary = CsvVocabularyRepository(progress).load()
+    assert vocabulary.cards == (Card("parlé", "speak"), Card("arrivé", "come"))
+
+
+def test_header_only_progress_file_gives_finished_session(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    progress = _setup(tmp_path)
+    progress.write_text("fr;en\n", encoding="utf-8")
+    session = _open(tmp_path)
+    assert session.remaining == 0
+    assert session.next_card() is None
+
+
+def test_unknown_card_never_creates_progress_file(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    progress = _setup(tmp_path)
+    session = _open(tmp_path)
+    session.next_card()
+    session.next_card()
+    assert not progress.exists()

tests/integration/test_vocabulary_file.py

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+"""Integration tests of the word list reader on the delivered file."""
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from flash_card.application.use_cases.open_study_session import open_study_session
+from flash_card.constants import (
+    DEFAULT_DATA_DIR,
+    PROGRESS_FILE_NAME,
+    VOCABULARY_FILE_NAME,
+)
+from flash_card.domain.entities.card import Card
+from flash_card.domain.value_objects.language_pair import LanguagePair
+from flash_card.infrastructure.persistence.csv_progress_repository import (
+    CsvProgressRepository,
+)
+from flash_card.infrastructure.persistence.csv_vocabulary_repository import (
+    CsvVocabularyRepository,
+)
+from flash_card.infrastructure.persistence.csv_word_list import read_word_list
+
+PATH = DEFAULT_DATA_DIR / VOCABULARY_FILE_NAME
+
+
+def test_read_word_list_reads_real_file() -> None:
+    pair, cards = read_word_list(PATH)
+    assert pair == LanguagePair("ms", "da")
+    assert len(cards) == 1000
+    assert cards[0] == Card("aku", "mig")
+
+
+def test_open_study_session_yields_card_from_real_file(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    repository = CsvVocabularyRepository(PATH)
+    cards = repository.load().cards
+    progress = CsvProgressRepository(tmp_path / PROGRESS_FILE_NAME)
+    session = open_study_session(repository, progress, lambda candidates: candidates[0])
+
+    card = session.next_card()
+
+    assert card is not None
+    assert Card(card.front_text, card.back_text) in cards
+    assert (card.front_language, card.back_language) == ("ms", "da")

tests/unit/application/test_open_study_session.py

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+"""Tests of the open_study_session use case."""
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+import pytest
+
+from flash_card.application.dto.card_dto import CardDto
+from flash_card.application.use_cases.open_study_session import open_study_session
+from flash_card.domain.entities.card import Card
+from flash_card.domain.entities.deck import Deck
+from flash_card.domain.entities.vocabulary import Vocabulary
+from flash_card.domain.errors.vocabulary_errors import VocabularyNotFoundError
+from flash_card.domain.value_objects.language_pair import LanguagePair
+
+
+class _FakeRepository:
+    def __init__(self, vocabulary: Vocabulary) -> None:
+        self._vocabulary = vocabulary
+
+    def load(self) -> Vocabulary:
+        return self._vocabulary
+
+
+class _RecordingProgress:
+    def __init__(self, stored: Deck | None = None) -> None:
+        self.stored = stored
+        self.saved: list[tuple[Card, ...]] = []
+
+    def load(self) -> Deck | None:
+        return self.stored
+
+    def save(self, deck: Deck) -> None:
+        self.saved.append(deck.cards)
+
+
+class _MissingRepository:
+    def load(self) -> Vocabulary:
+        raise VocabularyNotFoundError("missing")
+
+
+def _first(cards: Sequence[Card]) -> Card:
+    return cards[0]
+
+
+def test_open_study_session_builds_session_over_all_cards() -> None:
+    cards = (Card("aku", "mig"), Card("kau", "du"))
+    repository = _FakeRepository(Vocabulary(LanguagePair("ms", "da"), cards))
+
+    session = open_study_session(repository, _RecordingProgress(), _first)
+
+    assert session.remaining == 2
+    assert session.next_card() == CardDto("aku", "mig", "ms", "da")
+
+
+def test_open_study_session_propagates_repository_error() -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(VocabularyNotFoundError):
+        open_study_session(_MissingRepository(), _RecordingProgress(), _first)
+
+
+def test_open_study_session_prefers_saved_progress() -> None:
+    pair = LanguagePair("ms", "da")
+    vocabulary = Vocabulary(pair, (Card("aku", "mig"), Card("kau", "du")))
+    progress = _RecordingProgress(Deck(pair, [Card("kau", "du")]))
+
+    session = open_study_session(_FakeRepository(vocabulary), progress, _first)
+
+    assert session.remaining == 1
+    assert session.next_card() == CardDto("kau", "du", "ms", "da")
+
+
+def test_open_study_session_skips_vocabulary_when_progress_exists() -> None:
+    progress = _RecordingProgress(Deck(LanguagePair("ms", "da"), []))
+
+    session = open_study_session(_MissingRepository(), progress, _first)
+
+    assert session.remaining == 0
+
+
+def test_open_study_session_never_saves_on_start() -> None:
+    vocabulary = Vocabulary(LanguagePair("ms", "da"), (Card("aku", "mig"),))
+    progress = _RecordingProgress()
+
+    session = open_study_session(_FakeRepository(vocabulary), progress, _first)
+    session.next_card()
+
+    assert progress.saved == []

tests/unit/application/test_study_session.py

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+"""Tests of the StudySession use case."""
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+from flash_card.application.dto.card_dto import CardDto
+from flash_card.application.use_cases.study_session import StudySession
+from flash_card.domain.entities.card import Card
+from flash_card.domain.entities.deck import Deck
+from flash_card.domain.value_objects.language_pair import LanguagePair
+
+PAIR = LanguagePair("ms", "da")
+A = Card("aku", "mig")
+B = Card("kau", "du")
+
+
+def _first(cards: Sequence[Card]) -> Card:
+    return cards[0]
+
+
+class _RecordingProgress:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.saved: list[tuple[Card, ...]] = []
+
+    def load(self) -> Deck | None:
+        return None
+
+    def save(self, deck: Deck) -> None:
+        self.saved.append(deck.cards)
+
+
+def _session(*cards: Card, progress: _RecordingProgress | None = None) -> StudySession:
+    store = _RecordingProgress() if progress is None else progress
+    return StudySession(Deck(PAIR, cards), _first, store)
+
+
+def test_current_card_is_none_before_first_draw() -> None:
+    assert _session(A).current_card is None
+
+
+def test_next_card_returns_chosen_card_as_dto() -> None:
+    assert _session(A, B).next_card() == CardDto("aku", "mig", "ms", "da")
+
+
+def test_next_card_returns_different_card_when_two_or_more() -> None:
+    session = _session(A, B)
+    first = session.next_card()
+    second = session.next_card()
+    assert first != second
+    assert second == CardDto("kau", "du", "ms", "da")
+
+
+def test_next_card_returns_same_card_when_one() -> None:
+    session = _session(A)
+    assert session.next_card() == session.next_card()
+
+
+def test_next_card_returns_none_when_deck_is_empty() -> None:
+    session = _session()
+    assert session.next_card() is None
+    assert session.current_card is None
+
+
+def test_current_card_follows_last_draw() -> None:
+    session = _session(A, B)
+    shown = session.next_card()
+    assert session.current_card == shown
+
+
+def test_remaining_counts_cards_in_deck() -> None:
+    session = _session(A, B)
+    session.next_card()
+    assert session.remaining == 2
+
+
+def test_mark_known_removes_current_card_and_saves_remaining_once() -> None:
+    progress = _RecordingProgress()
+    session = _session(A, B, progress=progress)
+    session.next_card()
+    session.mark_known()
+    assert session.remaining == 1
+    assert session.current_card is None
+    assert progress.saved == [(B,)]
+
+
+def test_mark_known_saves_nothing_when_no_current_card() -> None:
+    progress = _RecordingProgress()
+    session = _session(A, progress=progress)
+    session.mark_known()
+    assert session.remaining == 1
+    assert progress.saved == []
+
+
+def test_mark_known_on_last_card_leaves_session_finished() -> None:
+    progress = _RecordingProgress()
+    session = _session(A, progress=progress)
+    session.next_card()
+    session.mark_known()
+    assert progress.saved == [()]
+    assert session.next_card() is None
+
+
+def test_next_card_never_saves() -> None:
+    progress = _RecordingProgress()
+    session = _session(A, B, progress=progress)
+    session.next_card()
+    session.next_card()
+    assert progress.saved == []

tests/unit/domain/test_card.py

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+"""Tests of the Card, LanguagePair and Vocabulary value types."""
+
+import dataclasses
+
+import pytest
+
+from flash_card.domain.entities.card import Card
+from flash_card.domain.entities.vocabulary import Vocabulary
+from flash_card.domain.value_objects.language_pair import LanguagePair
+
+
+def test_card_equals_card_with_same_texts() -> None:
+    assert Card("aku", "mig") == Card("aku", "mig")
+
+
+def test_card_is_frozen() -> None:
+    card = Card("aku", "mig")
+    with pytest.raises(dataclasses.FrozenInstanceError):
+        card.front = "kau"  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+
+def test_language_pair_holds_codes() -> None:
+    pair = LanguagePair("ms", "da")
+    assert (pair.front_code, pair.back_code) == ("ms", "da")
+
+
+def test_language_pair_is_frozen() -> None:
+    pair = LanguagePair("ms", "da")
+    with pytest.raises(dataclasses.FrozenInstanceError):
+        pair.front_code = "en"  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+
+def test_vocabulary_holds_pair_and_cards() -> None:
+    pair = LanguagePair("ms", "da")
+    cards = (Card("aku", "mig"),)
+    vocabulary = Vocabulary(pair, cards)
+    assert vocabulary.language_pair == pair
+    assert vocabulary.cards == cards

tests/unit/domain/test_deck.py

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+"""Tests of the Deck entity."""
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+import pytest
+
+from flash_card.domain.entities.card import Card
+from flash_card.domain.entities.deck import Deck
+from flash_card.domain.entities.vocabulary import Vocabulary
+from flash_card.domain.errors.vocabulary_errors import EmptyDeckError
+from flash_card.domain.value_objects.language_pair import LanguagePair
+
+PAIR = LanguagePair("ms", "da")
+A = Card("aku", "mig")
+B = Card("kau", "du")
+
+
+def _first(cards: Sequence[Card]) -> Card:
+    return cards[0]
+
+
+def test_from_vocabulary_holds_all_cards() -> None:
+    deck = Deck.from_vocabulary(Vocabulary(PAIR, (A, B)))
+    assert deck.cards == (A, B)
+    assert deck.language_pair == PAIR
+    assert len(deck) == 2
+
+
+def test_cards_returns_copy_when_deck_changes_later() -> None:
+    deck = Deck(PAIR, [A])
+    snapshot = deck.cards
+    deck.remove(A)
+    assert snapshot == (A,)
+    assert deck.is_empty
+
+
+def test_draw_returns_chosen_card() -> None:
+    assert Deck(PAIR, [A, B]).draw(_first) == A
+
+
+def test_draw_avoids_excluded_card_when_another_exists() -> None:
+    assert Deck(PAIR, [A, B]).draw(_first, exclude=A) == B
+
+
+def test_draw_returns_excluded_card_when_it_is_the_only_one() -> None:
+    assert Deck(PAIR, [A]).draw(_first, exclude=A) == A
+
+
+def test_draw_keeps_card_in_deck() -> None:
+    deck = Deck(PAIR, [A, B])
+    deck.draw(_first)
+    assert len(deck) == 2
+
+
+def test_draw_raises_when_deck_is_empty() -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(EmptyDeckError):
+        Deck(PAIR, []).draw(_first)
+
+
+def test_remove_deletes_first_equal_card() -> None:
+    deck = Deck(PAIR, [A, B, A])
+    deck.remove(A)
+    assert deck.cards == (B, A)
+
+
+def test_remove_raises_when_card_is_absent() -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        Deck(PAIR, [A]).remove(B)
+
+
+def test_is_empty_reflects_cards() -> None:
+    assert Deck(PAIR, []).is_empty
+    assert not Deck(PAIR, [A]).is_empty

tests/unit/domain/test_vocabulary_errors.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+"""Tests of the vocabulary error hierarchy."""
+
+import pytest
+
+from flash_card.domain.errors.vocabulary_errors import (
+    EmptyDeckError,
+    VocabularyError,
+    VocabularyFormatError,
+    VocabularyNotFoundError,
+)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "error", [VocabularyFormatError, VocabularyNotFoundError, EmptyDeckError]
+)
+def test_error_is_a_vocabulary_error(error: type[VocabularyError]) -> None:
+    assert issubclass(error, VocabularyError)
+
+
+def test_vocabulary_error_is_an_exception() -> None:
+    assert issubclass(VocabularyError, Exception)

tests/unit/infrastructure/test_csv_progress_repository.py

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+"""Tests of write_word_list and CsvProgressRepository."""
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
+
+from flash_card.domain.entities.card import Card
+from flash_card.domain.entities.deck import Deck
+from flash_card.domain.errors.vocabulary_errors import VocabularyFormatError
+from flash_card.domain.value_objects.language_pair import LanguagePair
+from flash_card.infrastructure.persistence.csv_progress_repository import (
+    CsvProgressRepository,
+)
+from flash_card.infrastructure.persistence.csv_word_list import (
+    read_word_list,
+    write_word_list,
+)
+
+PAIR = LanguagePair("ms", "da")
+CARDS = (Card("aku", "mig"), Card("kau", "du"))
+
+
+def test_write_word_list_round_trips_through_read_word_list(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    path = tmp_path / "w.csv"
+    write_word_list(path, PAIR, CARDS)
+    assert read_word_list(path) == (PAIR, CARDS)
+
+
+def test_write_word_list_writes_header_and_rows_with_semicolon(
+    tmp_path: Path,
+) -> None:
+    path = tmp_path / "w.csv"
+    write_word_list(path, PAIR, CARDS)
+    raw = path.read_bytes()
+    assert raw.decode("utf-8-sig") == "ms;da\naku;mig\nkau;du\n"
+    assert b"\r" not in raw
+
+
+def test_write_word_list_keeps_non_ascii_text(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    path = tmp_path / "w.csv"
+    cards = (Card("chaque", "each"), Card("parlé", "speak"))
+    write_word_list(path, LanguagePair("fr", "en"), cards)
+    assert read_word_list(path)[1] == cards
+
+
+def test_write_word_list_writes_header_only_for_no_cards(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    path = tmp_path / "w.csv"
+    write_word_list(path, PAIR, ())
+    assert read_word_list(path) == (PAIR, ())
+
+
+def test_write_word_list_creates_parent_folder(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    path = tmp_path / "data" / "deep" / "w.csv"
+    write_word_list(path, PAIR, CARDS)
+    assert path.is_file()
+
+
+def test_write_word_list_replaces_file_and_leaves_no_temporary_file(
+    tmp_path: Path,
+) -> None:
+    path = tmp_path / "w.csv"
+    write_word_list(path, PAIR, CARDS)
+    write_word_list(path, PAIR, CARDS[:1])
+    assert read_word_list(path)[1] == CARDS[:1]
+    assert [item.name for item in tmp_path.iterdir()] == ["w.csv"]
+
+
+def test_write_word_list_keeps_old_file_and_no_temporary_when_write_fails(
+    tmp_path: Path,
+) -> None:
+    path = tmp_path / "w.csv"
+    write_word_list(path, PAIR, CARDS)
+    unencodable = (Card("aku", "\ud800"),)
+    with pytest.raises(UnicodeEncodeError):
+        write_word_list(path, PAIR, unencodable)
+    assert read_word_list(path)[1] == CARDS
+    assert [item.name for item in tmp_path.iterdir()] == ["w.csv"]
+
+
+def test_progress_load_returns_none_when_file_is_missing(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    assert CsvProgressRepository(tmp_path / "p.csv").load() is None
+
+
+def test_progress_load_returns_empty_deck_for_header_only_file(
+    tmp_path: Path,
+) -> None:
+    path = tmp_path / "p.csv"
+    path.write_text("ms;da\n", encoding="utf-8")
+    deck = CsvProgressRepository(path).load()
+    assert deck is not None
+    assert deck.is_empty
+    assert deck.language_pair == PAIR
+
+
+def test_progress_load_raises_format_error_and_keeps_malformed_file(
+    tmp_path: Path,
+) -> None:
+    path = tmp_path / "p.csv"
+    content = b"ms;da\naku;mig;extra\n"
+    path.write_bytes(content)
+    with pytest.raises(VocabularyFormatError):
+        CsvProgressRepository(path).load()
+    assert path.read_bytes() == content
+
+
+def test_progress_save_then_load_returns_same_cards(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    repository = CsvProgressRepository(tmp_path / "p.csv")
+    repository.save(Deck(PAIR, CARDS))
+    deck = repository.load()
+    assert deck is not None
+    assert deck.cards == CARDS
+    assert deck.language_pair == PAIR

tests/unit/infrastructure/test_csv_word_list.py

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+"""Tests of read_word_list and CsvVocabularyRepository."""
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
+
+from flash_card.domain.entities.card import Card
+from flash_card.domain.errors.vocabulary_errors import (
+    VocabularyFormatError,
+    VocabularyNotFoundError,
+)
+from flash_card.domain.value_objects.language_pair import LanguagePair
+from flash_card.infrastructure.persistence.csv_vocabulary_repository import (
+    CsvVocabularyRepository,
+)
+from flash_card.infrastructure.persistence.csv_word_list import read_word_list
+
+
+def _write(path: Path, content: str) -> Path:
+    path.write_bytes(content.encode("utf-8"))
+    return path
+
+
+def test_read_word_list_returns_pair_and_cards(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    path = _write(tmp_path / "w.csv", "ms;da\naku;mig\nkau;du\n")
+    pair, cards = read_word_list(path)
+    assert pair == LanguagePair("ms", "da")
+    assert cards == (Card("aku", "mig"), Card("kau", "du"))
+
+
+def test_read_word_list_drops_byte_order_mark(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    path = _write(tmp_path / "w.csv", "ms;da\r\naku;mig\r\n")
+    pair, cards = read_word_list(path)
+    assert pair == LanguagePair("ms", "da")
+    assert cards == (Card("aku", "mig"),)
+
+
+def test_read_word_list_skips_blank_lines(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    path = _write(tmp_path / "w.csv", "\nms;da\n\naku;mig\n  \n;\nkau;du\n\n")
+    _pair, cards = read_word_list(path)
+    assert cards == (Card("aku", "mig"), Card("kau", "du"))
+
+
+def test_read_word_list_strips_whitespace(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    path = _write(tmp_path / "w.csv", " ms ; da \n aku ; mig \n")
+    pair, cards = read_word_list(path)
+    assert pair == LanguagePair("ms", "da")
+    assert cards == (Card("aku", "mig"),)
+
+
+def test_read_word_list_raises_not_found_when_file_is_missing(
+    tmp_path: Path,
+) -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(VocabularyNotFoundError) as info:
+        read_word_list(tmp_path / "missing.csv")
+    assert isinstance(info.value.__cause__, FileNotFoundError)
+
+
+def test_read_word_list_raises_format_error_when_file_is_empty(
+    tmp_path: Path,
+) -> None:
+    path = _write(tmp_path / "w.csv", "\n\n")
+    with pytest.raises(VocabularyFormatError, match="empty"):
+        read_word_list(path)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("header", ["ms\n", "ms;da;en\n", "ms;\n"])
+def test_read_word_list_raises_format_error_for_bad_header(
+    tmp_path: Path, header: str
+) -> None:
+    path = _write(tmp_path / "w.csv", header + "aku;mig\n")
+    with pytest.raises(VocabularyFormatError, match="line 1"):
+        read_word_list(path)
+
+
+def test_read_word_list_raises_format_error_with_line_number_for_bad_row(
+    tmp_path: Path,
+) -> None:
+    path = _write(tmp_path / "w.csv", "ms;da\naku;mig\n\nkau;du;extra\n")
+    with pytest.raises(VocabularyFormatError, match="line 4") as info:
+        read_word_list(path)
+    assert str(path) in str(info.value)
+
+
+def test_repository_load_returns_vocabulary(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    path = _write(tmp_path / "w.csv", "ms;da\naku;mig\n")
+    vocabulary = CsvVocabularyRepository(path).load()
+    assert vocabulary.language_pair == LanguagePair("ms", "da")
+    assert vocabulary.cards == (Card("aku", "mig"),)
+
+
+def test_repository_load_raises_format_error_when_no_card(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    path = _write(tmp_path / "w.csv", "ms;da\n")
+    with pytest.raises(VocabularyFormatError):
+        CsvVocabularyRepository(path).load()

tests/unit/test_app.py

@@ -1,11 +1,43 @@
 """Tests of the entry point.
 
 @file test_app.py
-@brief Checks main of flash_card.presentation.app.
+@brief Checks main of flash_card.presentation.app without opening a window.
 """
 
-from flash_card.presentation.app import main
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
+
+from flash_card.presentation import app
 
 
-def test_main_returns_zero_without_arguments() -> None:
+class _FakeRoot:
-    assert main([]) == 0
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.mainloop_calls = 0
+
+    def mainloop(self) -> None:
+        self.mainloop_calls += 1
+
+
+def test_main_runs_main_loop_and_returns_zero(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path
+) -> None:
+    root = _FakeRoot()
+    seen: list[Path | None] = []
+
+    def fake_create(data_dir: Path | None = None) -> tuple[_FakeRoot, object]:
+        seen.append(data_dir)
+        return root, object()
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(app, "create_application", fake_create)
+
+    assert app.main(["--data-dir", str(tmp_path)]) == 0
+    assert root.mainloop_calls == 1
+    assert seen == [tmp_path]
+
+
+def test_main_returns_one_when_word_list_is_missing(
+    tmp_path: Path, caplog: pytest.LogCaptureFixture
+) -> None:
+    assert app.main(["--data-dir", str(tmp_path / "nowhere")]) == 1
+    assert "word list not found" in caplog.text

tests/unit/test_constants.py

@@ -31,3 +31,7 @@ def test_language_names_cover_ms_and_da() -> None:
 
 def test_project_root_contains_pyproject() -> None:
     assert (constants.PROJECT_ROOT / "pyproject.toml").is_file()
+
+
+def test_csv_encoding_drops_byte_order_mark() -> None:
+    assert constants.CSV_ENCODING == "utf-8-sig"

tests/unit/test_flash_card_view_model.py

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+"""Tests of the flash card view model over a real session and in-memory deck."""
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+from flash_card.application.use_cases.study_session import StudySession
+from flash_card.constants import FINISHED_MESSAGE
+from flash_card.domain.entities.card import Card
+from flash_card.domain.entities.deck import Deck
+from flash_card.domain.value_objects.language_pair import LanguagePair
+from flash_card.presentation.features.flash_card.flash_card_view_model import (
+    FlashCardViewModel,
+    Side,
+)
+
+A = Card("aku", "mig")
+B = Card("kau", "du")
+
+
+def _first(cards: Sequence[Card]) -> Card:
+    return cards[0]
+
+
+class _RecordingProgress:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.saved: list[tuple[Card, ...]] = []
+
+    def load(self) -> Deck | None:
+        return None
+
+    def save(self, deck: Deck) -> None:
+        self.saved.append(deck.cards)
+
+
+def _session(
+    code: str, *cards: Card, progress: _RecordingProgress | None = None
+) -> StudySession:
+    store = _RecordingProgress() if progress is None else progress
+    return StudySession(Deck(LanguagePair(code, "da"), cards), _first, store)
+
+
+def test_view_model_draws_first_card_on_construction() -> None:
+    view_model = FlashCardViewModel(_session("ms", A, B))
+    assert view_model.text == "aku"
+    assert view_model.language_name == "Malay"
+    assert not view_model.is_finished
+
+
+def test_next_card_shows_next_card() -> None:
+    view_model = FlashCardViewModel(_session("ms", A, B))
+    view_model.next_card()
+    assert view_model.text == "kau"
+
+
+def test_language_name_shows_unknown_code_in_upper_case() -> None:
+    view_model = FlashCardViewModel(_session("xx", A))
+    assert view_model.language_name == "XX"
+
+
+def test_language_name_uses_given_names() -> None:
+    view_model = FlashCardViewModel(_session("ms", A), {"ms": "Melayu"})
+    assert view_model.language_name == "Melayu"
+
+
+def test_view_model_shows_finished_message_when_no_card_is_left() -> None:
+    view_model = FlashCardViewModel(_session("ms"))
+    assert view_model.is_finished
+    assert view_model.language_name == ""
+    assert view_model.text == FINISHED_MESSAGE
+
+
+def test_view_model_starts_on_front_side() -> None:
+    view_model = FlashCardViewModel(_session("ms", A))
+    assert view_model.side is Side.FRONT
+
+
+def test_flip_card_shows_back_language_and_translation() -> None:
+    view_model = FlashCardViewModel(_session("ms", A))
+    view_model.flip_card()
+    assert view_model.side is Side.BACK
+    assert view_model.language_name == "Danish"
+    assert view_model.text == "mig"
+
+
+def test_flip_card_twice_keeps_back_side() -> None:
+    view_model = FlashCardViewModel(_session("ms", A))
+    view_model.flip_card()
+    view_model.flip_card()
+    assert view_model.side is Side.BACK
+    assert view_model.text == "mig"
+
+
+def test_flip_card_does_nothing_when_finished() -> None:
+    view_model = FlashCardViewModel(_session("ms"))
+    view_model.flip_card()
+    assert view_model.side is Side.FRONT
+    assert view_model.language_name == ""
+    assert view_model.text == FINISHED_MESSAGE
+
+
+def test_next_card_resets_side_to_front() -> None:
+    view_model = FlashCardViewModel(_session("ms", A, B))
+    view_model.flip_card()
+    view_model.next_card()
+    assert view_model.side is Side.FRONT
+    assert view_model.language_name == "Malay"
+    assert view_model.text == "kau"
+
+
+def test_is_known_saves_remaining_and_shows_next_front() -> None:
+    progress = _RecordingProgress()
+    view_model = FlashCardViewModel(_session("ms", A, B, progress=progress))
+    view_model.flip_card()
+    view_model.is_known()
+    assert progress.saved == [(B,)]
+    assert view_model.side is Side.FRONT
+    assert view_model.text == "kau"
+    assert not view_model.is_finished
+
+
+def test_is_known_on_last_card_finishes() -> None:
+    progress = _RecordingProgress()
+    view_model = FlashCardViewModel(_session("ms", A, progress=progress))
+    view_model.is_known()
+    assert view_model.is_finished
+    assert view_model.text == FINISHED_MESSAGE
+    assert progress.saved == [()]
+
+
+def test_is_known_does_nothing_when_finished() -> None:
+    progress = _RecordingProgress()
+    view_model = FlashCardViewModel(_session("ms", progress=progress))
+    view_model.is_known()
+    assert view_model.is_finished
+    assert progress.saved == []
+
+
+def test_next_card_does_nothing_when_finished() -> None:
+    view_model = FlashCardViewModel(_session("ms"))
+    view_model.next_card()
+    assert view_model.is_finished
+    assert view_model.text == FINISHED_MESSAGE
+
+
+def test_next_card_never_saves() -> None:
+    progress = _RecordingProgress()
+    view_model = FlashCardViewModel(_session("ms", A, B, progress=progress))
+    view_model.next_card()
+    assert progress.saved == []

tests/unit/test_generate_images.py

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+"""Tests of the image generator tool.
+
+@file test_generate_images.py
+@brief Checks the PNG files written by tools/generate_images.py.
+"""
+
+import importlib.util
+import struct
+from pathlib import Path
+from types import ModuleType
+
+import pytest
+
+from flash_card.constants import (
+    CARD_BACK_IMAGE_NAME,
+    CARD_FRONT_IMAGE_NAME,
+    CARD_HEIGHT,
+    CARD_WIDTH,
+    RIGHT_IMAGE_NAME,
+    WRONG_IMAGE_NAME,
+)
+
+_TOOL_PATH = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2] / "tools" / "generate_images.py"
+_SIGNATURE = b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"
+
+
+def _load_tool() -> ModuleType:
+    spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("generate_images", _TOOL_PATH)
+    assert spec is not None
+    assert spec.loader is not None
+    module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+    spec.loader.exec_module(module)
+    return module
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+def generated(tmp_path_factory: pytest.TempPathFactory) -> Path:
+    output_dir = tmp_path_factory.mktemp("assets")
+    assert _load_tool().main(["--output-dir", str(output_dir)]) == 0
+    return output_dir
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("name", "width", "height"),
+    [
+        (CARD_FRONT_IMAGE_NAME, CARD_WIDTH, CARD_HEIGHT),
+        (CARD_BACK_IMAGE_NAME, CARD_WIDTH, CARD_HEIGHT),
+        (RIGHT_IMAGE_NAME, 100, 100),
+        (WRONG_IMAGE_NAME, 100, 100),
+    ],
+)
+def test_generate_images_writes_png_with_expected_size(
+    generated: Path, name: str, width: int, height: int
+) -> None:
+    data = (generated / name).read_bytes()
+    assert data.startswith(_SIGNATURE)
+    assert data[12:16] == b"IHDR"
+    assert struct.unpack(">II", data[16:24]) == (width, height)

tools/generate_images.py

@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+"""Generate the PNG assets of the flash card program.
+
+@file generate_images.py
+@brief Draws card_front, card_back, right and wrong as antialiased RGBA PNGs.
+Uses the standard library only; run it to regenerate the assets.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import math
+import struct
+import sys
+import zlib
+from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
+from pathlib import Path
+
+_SRC_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1] / "src"
+if str(_SRC_DIR) not in sys.path:
+    sys.path.insert(0, str(_SRC_DIR))
+
+from flash_card.constants import (  # noqa: E402
+    ASSETS_DIR,
+    CARD_BACK_IMAGE_NAME,
+    CARD_FRONT_IMAGE_NAME,
+    CARD_HEIGHT,
+    CARD_WIDTH,
+    RIGHT_IMAGE_NAME,
+    WRONG_IMAGE_NAME,
+)
+
+Color = tuple[int, int, int]
+Point = tuple[float, float]
+Segment = tuple[Point, Point]
+Box = tuple[float, float, float, float]
+Span = tuple[float, float] | None
+
+_SUPERSAMPLE = 4
+_CARD_RADIUS = 60
+_CARD_INSET = 2
+_SHADOW_OFFSET = 10
+_SHADOW_BLUR = 5
+_SHADOW_COLOR: Color = (70, 70, 70)
+_SHADOW_OPACITY = 0.4
+_CARD_FRONT_COLOR: Color = (255, 255, 255)
+_CARD_BACK_COLOR: Color = (0x91, 0xC2, 0xAF)
+_BUTTON_SIZE = 100
+_BUTTON_RADIUS = 28
+_STROKE_WIDTH = 11.0
+_WHITE: Color = (255, 255, 255)
+_RIGHT_GRADIENT: tuple[Color, Color] = ((0xA5, 0xE0, 0x60), (0x2F, 0xBF, 0x71))
+_WRONG_GRADIENT: tuple[Color, Color] = ((0xFF, 0x6B, 0x8B), (0xD9, 0x5A, 0x55))
+_CHECK_SEGMENTS: tuple[Segment, ...] = (
+    ((27.0, 52.0), (43.0, 68.0)),
+    ((43.0, 68.0), (74.0, 33.0)),
+)
+_CROSS_SEGMENTS: tuple[Segment, ...] = (
+    ((32.0, 32.0), (68.0, 68.0)),
+    ((68.0, 32.0), (32.0, 68.0)),
+)
+_PNG_SIGNATURE = b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"
+
+
+class _Canvas:
+    """Premultiplied float RGBA canvas that shapes are composited onto."""
+
+    def __init__(self, width: int, height: int) -> None:
+        """Create a fully transparent canvas.
+
+        @param width Width in pixels.
+        @param height Height in pixels.
+        """
+        self.width = width
+        self.height = height
+        size = width * height
+        self.red = [0.0] * size
+        self.green = [0.0] * size
+        self.blue = [0.0] * size
+        self.alpha = [0.0] * size
+
+    def paint(
+        self,
+        mask: list[float],
+        color_at: Callable[[int], Color],
+        opacity: float = 1.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Composite a coverage mask over the canvas.
+
+        @param mask Coverage per pixel in 0..1, row-major.
+        @param color_at Colour for a pixel row index.
+        @param opacity Extra opacity applied to the whole mask.
+        """
+        for y in range(self.height):
+            r, g, b = color_at(y)
+            for i in range(y * self.width, (y + 1) * self.width):
+                a = min(1.0, mask[i]) * opacity
+                if a <= 0.0:
+                    continue
+                keep = 1.0 - a
+                self.red[i] = r * a + self.red[i] * keep
+                self.green[i] = g * a + self.green[i] * keep
+                self.blue[i] = b * a + self.blue[i] * keep
+                self.alpha[i] = a + self.alpha[i] * keep
+
+    def to_rgba_bytes(self) -> bytes:
+        """Return the pixels as straight-alpha 8-bit RGBA rows.
+
+        @return The raw RGBA bytes, row-major.
+        """
+        out = bytearray()
+        pixels = zip(self.red, self.green, self.blue, self.alpha, strict=True)
+        for r, g, b, a in pixels:
+            if a <= 0.0:
+                out += b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+                continue
+            out.append(min(255, round(r / a)))
+            out.append(min(255, round(g / a)))
+            out.append(min(255, round(b / a)))
+            out.append(min(255, round(a * 255)))
+        return bytes(out)
+
+
+def _rounded_rect_span(box: Box, radius: float, y: float) -> Span:
+    """Return the horizontal extent of a rounded rectangle at height y.
+
+    @param box Left, top, right, bottom of the rectangle.
+    @param radius Corner radius.
+    @param y Vertical sample position.
+    @return The (start, end) x range, or None when y is outside.
+    """
+    left, top, right, bottom = box
+    if y < top or y > bottom:
+        return None
+    if y < top + radius:
+        centre_y = top + radius
+    elif y > bottom - radius:
+        centre_y = bottom - radius
+    else:
+        return (left, right)
+    inset = radius - math.sqrt(max(0.0, radius * radius - (centre_y - y) ** 2))
+    return (left + inset, right - inset)
+
+
+def _rounded_rect_mask(width: int, height: int, box: Box, radius: float) -> list[float]:
+    """Rasterise a rounded rectangle with 4x vertical supersampling.
+
+    Horizontal coverage of each sub-row is computed exactly.
+
+    @param width Mask width.
+    @param height Mask height.
+    @param box Left, top, right, bottom of the rectangle.
+    @param radius Corner radius.
+    @return Coverage per pixel in 0..1.
+    """
+    mask = [0.0] * (width * height)
+    weight = 1.0 / _SUPERSAMPLE
+    for py in range(height):
+        base = py * width
+        for sub in range(_SUPERSAMPLE):
+            span = _rounded_rect_span(box, radius, py + (sub + 0.5) * weight)
+            if span is None:
+                continue
+            start = max(span[0], 0.0)
+            end = min(span[1], float(width))
+            for px in range(int(start), min(width, math.ceil(end))):
+                overlap = min(end, px + 1.0) - max(start, float(px))
+                mask[base + px] += overlap * weight
+    return mask
+
+
+def _distance_to_segment(px: float, py: float, segment: Segment) -> float:
+    """Return the distance from a point to a line segment.
+
+    @param px Point x.
+    @param py Point y.
+    @param segment Segment start and end.
+    @return The Euclidean distance.
+    """
+    a, b = segment
+    dx, dy = b[0] - a[0], b[1] - a[1]
+    length_sq = dx * dx + dy * dy
+    t = ((px - a[0]) * dx + (py - a[1]) * dy) / length_sq if length_sq else 0.0
+    t = max(0.0, min(1.0, t))
+    return math.hypot(px - (a[0] + t * dx), py - (a[1] + t * dy))
+
+
+def _stroke_mask(
+    width: int, height: int, segments: Sequence[Segment], stroke_width: float
+) -> list[float]:
+    """Rasterise thick round-capped lines with 4x4 supersampling.
+
+    @param width Mask width.
+    @param height Mask height.
+    @param segments Line segments.
+    @param stroke_width Line thickness in pixels.
+    @return Coverage per pixel in 0..1.
+    """
+    mask = [0.0] * (width * height)
+    half = stroke_width / 2.0
+    weight = 1.0 / (_SUPERSAMPLE * _SUPERSAMPLE)
+    for segment in segments:
+        a, b = segment
+        x_min = max(0, int(min(a[0], b[0]) - half) - 1)
+        x_max = min(width, math.ceil(max(a[0], b[0]) + half) + 1)
+        y_min = max(0, int(min(a[1], b[1]) - half) - 1)
+        y_max = min(height, math.ceil(max(a[1], b[1]) + half) + 1)
+        for py in range(y_min, y_max):
+            for px in range(x_min, x_max):
+                hits = 0
+                for sy in range(_SUPERSAMPLE):
+                    for sx in range(_SUPERSAMPLE):
+                        x = px + (sx + 0.5) / _SUPERSAMPLE
+                        y = py + (sy + 0.5) / _SUPERSAMPLE
+                        if _distance_to_segment(x, y, segment) <= half:
+                            hits += 1
+                index = py * width + px
+                mask[index] = max(mask[index], hits * weight)
+    return mask
+
+
+def _box_blur(mask: list[float], width: int, height: int, radius: int) -> list[float]:
+    """Blur a mask with a separable box filter.
+
+    @param mask Coverage per pixel.
+    @param width Mask width.
+    @param height Mask height.
+    @param radius Blur radius in pixels.
+    @return The blurred mask.
+    """
+    window = 2 * radius + 1
+    horizontal = [0.0] * len(mask)
+    for y in range(height):
+        row = mask[y * width : (y + 1) * width]
+        total = sum(row[: radius + 1])
+        for x in range(width):
+            horizontal[y * width + x] = total / window
+            if x + radius + 1 < width:
+                total += row[x + radius + 1]
+            if x - radius >= 0:
+                total -= row[x - radius]
+    result = [0.0] * len(mask)
+    for x in range(width):
+        column = horizontal[x::width]
+        total = sum(column[: radius + 1])
+        for y in range(height):
+            result[y * width + x] = total / window
+            if y + radius + 1 < height:
+                total += column[y + radius + 1]
+            if y - radius >= 0:
+                total -= column[y - radius]
+    return result
+
+
+def _solid(color: Color) -> Callable[[int], Color]:
+    """Return a colour function that always gives one colour.
+
+    @param color The colour.
+    @return A function from row index to colour.
+    """
+    return lambda _row: color
+
+
+def _vertical_gradient(
+    top: Color, bottom: Color, height: int
+) -> Callable[[int], Color]:
+    """Return a colour function for a top to bottom gradient.
+
+    @param top Colour at the first row.
+    @param bottom Colour at the last row.
+    @param height Number of rows.
+    @return A function from row index to colour.
+    """
+
+    def color_at(row: int) -> Color:
+        t = (row + 0.5) / height
+        r, g, b = (
+            round(c0 + (c1 - c0) * t) for c0, c1 in zip(top, bottom, strict=True)
+        )
+        return (r, g, b)
+
+    return color_at
+
+
+def _render_card(fill: Color) -> _Canvas:
+    """Draw a card with a soft drop shadow.
+
+    @param fill Fill colour of the card.
+    @return The canvas.
+    """
+    width, height = CARD_WIDTH, CARD_HEIGHT
+    margin = _SHADOW_OFFSET + _SHADOW_BLUR + _CARD_INSET
+    box: Box = (
+        float(_CARD_INSET),
+        float(_CARD_INSET),
+        float(width - margin),
+        float(height - margin),
+    )
+    shadow_box: Box = (
+        box[0] + _SHADOW_OFFSET,
+        box[1] + _SHADOW_OFFSET,
+        box[2] + _SHADOW_OFFSET,
+        box[3] + _SHADOW_OFFSET,
+    )
+    shadow = _rounded_rect_mask(width, height, shadow_box, _CARD_RADIUS)
+    shadow = _box_blur(shadow, width, height, _SHADOW_BLUR)
+    canvas = _Canvas(width, height)
+    canvas.paint(shadow, _solid(_SHADOW_COLOR), _SHADOW_OPACITY)
+    card = _rounded_rect_mask(width, height, box, _CARD_RADIUS)
+    canvas.paint(card, _solid(fill))
+    return canvas
+
+
+def _render_button(
+    gradient: tuple[Color, Color], segments: Sequence[Segment]
+) -> _Canvas:
+    """Draw a rounded gradient square with a white symbol.
+
+    @param gradient Top and bottom colour.
+    @param segments Line segments of the symbol.
+    @return The canvas.
+    """
+    size = _BUTTON_SIZE
+    canvas = _Canvas(size, size)
+    box: Box = (0.0, 0.0, float(size), float(size))
+    square = _rounded_rect_mask(size, size, box, _BUTTON_RADIUS)
+    canvas.paint(square, _vertical_gradient(gradient[0], gradient[1], size))
+    symbol = _stroke_mask(size, size, segments, _STROKE_WIDTH)
+    canvas.paint(symbol, _solid(_WHITE))
+    return canvas
+
+
+def encode_png(width: int, height: int, rgba: bytes) -> bytes:
+    """Encode raw RGBA pixels as a PNG file.
+
+    @param width Image width.
+    @param height Image height.
+    @param rgba Row-major straight-alpha RGBA bytes.
+    @return The PNG file content.
+    """
+    stride = width * 4
+    raw = b"".join(b"\x00" + rgba[y * stride : (y + 1) * stride] for y in range(height))
+
+    def chunk(kind: bytes, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+        crc = zlib.crc32(kind + data) & 0xFFFFFFFF
+        return struct.pack(">I", len(data)) + kind + data + struct.pack(">I", crc)
+
+    header = struct.pack(">IIBBBBB", width, height, 8, 6, 0, 0, 0)
+    return (
+        _PNG_SIGNATURE
+        + chunk(b"IHDR", header)
+        + chunk(b"IDAT", zlib.compress(raw, 9))
+        + chunk(b"IEND", b"")
+    )
+
+
+def generate_images(output_dir: Path) -> list[Path]:
+    """Write the four PNG assets into a folder.
+
+    @param output_dir Folder to write into; created when missing.
+    @return The paths of the written files.
+    """
+    output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    images = {
+        CARD_FRONT_IMAGE_NAME: _render_card(_CARD_FRONT_COLOR),
+        CARD_BACK_IMAGE_NAME: _render_card(_CARD_BACK_COLOR),
+        RIGHT_IMAGE_NAME: _render_button(_RIGHT_GRADIENT, _CHECK_SEGMENTS),
+        WRONG_IMAGE_NAME: _render_button(_WRONG_GRADIENT, _CROSS_SEGMENTS),
+    }
+    written: list[Path] = []
+    for name, canvas in images.items():
+        path = output_dir / name
+        data = encode_png(canvas.width, canvas.height, canvas.to_rgba_bytes())
+        path.write_bytes(data)
+        written.append(path)
+    return written
+
+
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
+    """Run the generator from the command line.
+
+    @param argv Command line arguments, or None for sys.argv.
+    @return The exit code, 0 on success.
+    """
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Generate the flash card images.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--output-dir", type=Path, default=ASSETS_DIR, help="folder for the PNG files"
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+    for path in generate_images(args.output_dir):
+        sys.stdout.write(f"wrote {path}\n")
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main())